AeroElectric-Archive.digest.vol-ph

February 16, 2020 - March 24, 2020



      >> 
      >> 
      >> 
      >> 
      >> 
      >> 
      > 
      > 
      > 
      > 
      > 
      
      
________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 16, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Always hot power for fuel injectors and ignition
coils At 09:04 PM 2/16/2020, you wrote: > >Hi Bob, > >Thanks for your thoughts. I plan on mounting my battery on the >firewall, and the engine fuse block on the cabin side, near the >battery and pass-through. The relay would be mounted to the battery >box. I was not planning on adding any circuit protection devices to >the engine bus relay feed. Why the relay? Why not run all those engine feeds off the main bus? That way, if the engine is running, all the other stuff is running too . . . and vice versa. Then your task is simpler. Keep the main bus hot . . . a goal that has been successfully achieved on thousands of airplanes for a long time. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 16, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Always hot power for fuel injectors and ignition
coils At 09:04 PM 2/16/2020, you wrote: > >Hi Bob, > >Thanks for your thoughts. I plan on mounting my battery on the >firewall, and the engine fuse block on the cabin side, near the >battery and pass-through. The relay would be mounted to the battery >box. I was not planning on adding any circuit protection devices to >the engine bus relay feed. Why the relay? Why not run all those engine feeds off the main bus? That way, if the engine is running, all the other stuff is running too . . . and vice versa. Then your task is simpler. Keep the main bus hot . . . a goal that has been successfully achieved on thousands of airplanes for a long time. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 18, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Always Hot Power to Injectors and Ignition
Coils At 05:10 AM 2/17/2020, you wrote: >Sorry, still not able to post directly. > >A couple of questions. How will you do a =9Cmag >check=9D if the coils are always powered? You don't do a mag check on things that are not mags . . . If you've got a coil misbehaving the engine will let you know about it without any sort of preflight check. > > >Does anyone have any experience with the >somewhat pricey but seemingly reliable and well >built Gigavac MX series contactors? I realize >they aren=99t available on the aviation aisle at >NAPA, but I can always carry a spare. What brings to a notion that you need such a beast? And if 'seemingly reliable' why would you carry a spare? >Lastly, what software are you guys using to draw >your very nice electrical schematics? I=99m >looking for something that doesn=99t have a >steep learning curve that an old guy can pick up reasonably quickly. AutoCAD and it's contemporary competitors will open, edit, create and print files with the .dwg format. All of my drawings along with the symbols library are downloadable from the website. About any version of TurboCAD off eBay will work for you. Here's one good example https://tinyurl.com/upvbr3f there are numerous tutorials on TurboCAD available from the same website. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 18, 2020
From: Ernest Christley <echristley(at)att.net>
Subject: Re: Always Hot Power to Injectors and Ignition
Coils wrote: At 05:10 AM 2/17/2020, you wrote: Sorry, still not able to postdirectly. A couple of questions.=C2- How will you do a =C3=A2=82=AC=C5=93mag che ck=C3=A2=82=AC=EF=BD if thecoils are always powered? =C2- You don't do a mag check on things that are not =C2- mags . . . If you've got a coil misbehaving =C2- the engine will let you know about it without =C2- any sort of preflight check. Bob, I can count on one hand the number of times I've disagreed with you, b ut this is wrong and dangerous.=C2- I have dual coils on separate switche s, so that I can test each one during a run-up.=C2- One uses mechanical p oints, and the other electronic points.=C2- They are both on for take-off and landing, but only one for cruise. - Six months ago, I noticed a 150rpm drop on one coil.=C2- Cleaning the m echanical points cleared it up.-Three days ago, the engine died when I swit ched to one of the two.=C2- Turned out to be a blown fuse after I had swi tched out the coil for one of the "magnum power" versions that drew more cu rrent. If you've got dual coils, you will never know that one is misbehaving witho ut the ability to switch the other off. BTW, I also have two fuel pumps.=C2- Both on for take-off and landing, bu t run-up includes a check that the engine runs fine with either in solo. ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Always Hot Power to Injectors and Ignition
Coils
From: C&K <yellowduckduo(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 18, 2020
On 18/02/2020 9:22 AM, Ernest Christley wrote: > > > wrote: > > > At 05:10 AM 2/17/2020, you wrote: >> Sorry, still not able to post directly. >> >> A couple of questions. How will you do a mag check if the >> coils are always powered? > > You don't do a mag check on things that are not > mags . . . If you've got a coil misbehaving > the engine will let you know about it without > any sort of preflight check. > > > Bob, I can count on one hand the number of times I've disagreed with > you, but this is wrong and dangerous. I have dual coils on separate > switches, so that I can test each one during a run-up. One uses > mechanical points, and the other electronic points. They are both on > for take-off and landing, but only one for cruise. > > - Six months ago, I noticed a 150rpm drop on one coil. Cleaning the > mechanical points cleared it up. > -Three days ago, the engine died when I switched to one of the two. > Turned out to be a blown fuse after I had switched out the coil for > one of the "magnum power" versions that drew more current. > > If you've got dual coils, you will never know that one is misbehaving > without the ability to switch the other off. > > BTW, I also have two fuel pumps. Both on for take-off and landing, > but run-up includes a check that the engine runs fine with either in solo. > > Same thing running a coil joiner with one spark plug. There is no change in engine performance if one quits. Ken ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 18, 2020
Subject: Re: Always Hot Power to Injectors and Ignition
Coils On Tue, Feb 18, 2020 at 8:10 AM Robert L. Nuckolls, III < nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com> wrote: > At 05:10 AM 2/17/2020, you wrote: > > Sorry, still not able to post directly. > > A couple of questions. How will you do a =C3=A2=82=AC=C5=93mag check =C3=A2=82=AC if the coils are > always powered? > > > You don't do a mag check on things that are not > mags . . . If you've got a coil misbehaving > the engine will let you know about it without > any sort of preflight check. > > > [snipped] > > Bob . . . > I'll have to add my vote. While it isn't technically a *mag* check, it's still wise to check both systems just like the traditional mag check. Those with dual electronic ignitions will tell you that you don't get any 'mag drop' at all when switching an ignition off during 'mag check', so if one ignition is dead prior to takeoff, you wouldn't discover it unless the other one died in flight. But you'll surely know when the good one is switched off during 'mag check'. ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Krea Ellis <krea.ellis(at)gmail.com>
Subject: Always Hot Power to Injectors and Ignition Coils
Date: Feb 18, 2020
You don't do a mag check on things that are not mags . . . If you've got a coil misbehaving the engine will let you know about it without any sort of preflight check. I disagree as well. I want to be able to shutoff a coil/mag/pMag to check for RPM drop and/or rough running on every runup. I also don=99 t like the idea of the coils being =9Chot=9D all the time. Granted it takes the ECU to trigger a ground to truly make them hot. What brings to a notion that you need such a beast? And if 'seemingly reliable' why would you carry a spare? Electrically dependent engine and I like the fact they are mil-spec and have a low current draw. Might provide a little extra endurance if down to battery and the cross-tie is closed. I use Michelin Airstop tubes too, although a Tractor Supply tube would work. I carry a spare Michelin anyway. It=99s just me. Thanks for the suggestions on CAD programs. Krea Ellis ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Always Hot Power to Injectors and Ignition Coils
From: "mmayfield" <mmayfield(at)ozemail.com.au>
Date: Feb 18, 2020
[quote="nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelect"]At 05:10 AM 2/17/2020, you wrote: > > You don't do a mag check on things that are not > mags . . . If you've got a coil misbehaving > the engine will let you know about it without > any sort of preflight check. > > Bob . . . You certainly do. But let's not call it a "mag check". Let's call it an "ignition check". For all intents and purposes there's no obvious difference to the naked eye. So on my dual EI aircraft that check is specified by the electronic ignition manufacturer along with the maximum rpm drop. The purpose is not only to check that the spark is getting to all the plugs on the operative ignition (a problem which can be masked when both systems are on), but also that the electronic ignition warning system is functioning correctly. Switching each one off in turn effectively simulates a "failure" of the ignition unit. I once foolishly overlooked this check, took off, and it turned out both plugs on one of my 9 cylinders were fouled (which would've been detected had I done it properly). At full power and 150 litres/hour takeoff fuel flow, the unburned fuel was being pumped through that cylinder and expelled into the hot exhaust where it ignited causing a massive bang and large sheet of flame to be expelled very shortly after takeoff. Coinciding with this "after-fire" was a large back pressure created through the engine which cause a temporary dramatic and rather eye-watering power loss. This occurred repeatedly (with a large power loss each time, followed by recovery) until I pulled the power back when it settled a bit. I did the tightest circuit pattern I've ever done in my life. Spectators on the ground thought I was going to crash - they could hear each "bang!" accompanied by the big sheet of flame out of the exhaust. So yeah.... you do an ignition check, which looks and feels identical to a "mag check" with electronic ignition units. :) -------- Mike Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494885#494885 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Always Hot Power to Injectors and Ignition Coils
From: "johnbright" <john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Feb 18, 2020
BTW, for EFII brand EFI/EI: In the case of six cylinder engines, cylinders 5 and 6 top and bottom use the same coilpack. That seems to be a lack of redundancy. System 32 uses switches from ECU "P-Leads" to ground to check coilpacks but I would think loss of power to one of those coilpacks in flight would take out cylinders 5 and 6 in the case of six cylinders. Legacy systems used SDS ECUs but also have three four-cylinder coilpacks on six cylinder applications whereas SDS branded systems use two six-cylinder coilpacks. -------- John Bright, RV-6A, at FWF, O-360, dual SDSEFI EM-5-F Dual batt dual alt SDS dual EM-5-F but considering a single batt design. john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com, Newport News, Va Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494886#494886 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Always Hot Power to Injectors and Ignition Coils
From: "cofford" <cofford(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 18, 2020
In my setup, the ignition check is done at runup using the ignition select switch. A 1-1 switch is used to ground a pin on each ECU which disables the ignition for that ECU. Normal operation is in the center position, with neither pin connected to ground. This is verified through both RPM drop and an indicator on the System32 display. The ECU controlling the fuel injectors (switched ground) is done in a similar manner, except that one ECU is disabled during flight, and a 1-3 switch is used. Just as a disclaimer, I'm not flying yet, so this is all per the installation manual and my understanding of the system operation. Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494890#494890 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: David Clark Stereo wiring
From: "Whiteleg" <ElizaWhitelegge837(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Feb 19, 2020
ceengland7(at)gmail.com wrote: > On 1/14/2020 1:09 PM, John M Tipton wrote: > > > > > > > > > > Sorry guys, > > > > > > I've got this completely wrong way round on the Mike/Headphone situation: so Question, how do I wire up the 1/4" plug for stereo > > > > > > John > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Above is standard stereo wiring for a 1/4" phone plug. > Wiring terminals on the mating jack is kinda tricky to describe, but not complicated. For a novice, the easiest way to ID the terminals is to insert a stereo plug (see above) into the jack, and use an ohm meter to ID continuity from each terminal on the plug, to each terminal on the jack. > > Charlie thank you very much and it helped me a lot! Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494892#494892 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Hyper x cloud 2 jack diagram problem
From: "Whiteleg" <ElizaWhitelegge837(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Feb 19, 2020
Hi I have been using my HyperX Cloud 2 for several weeks now. However, a few days ago, the cable got stuck, bent and the tip of the 3.5mm TRRS headphone jack split in two. I have ordered a replacement 3.5mm TRRS jack, but haven't yet figured out the correct connections to solder on the jack. Could anyone offer help in finding these and possibly give some advice on the soldering? Kind regards CABLE COLOR Mic color: Red and gold Speaker color: GREEN, BLUE, RED AND GREEN Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494893#494893 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 20, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: New role for the E-Bus?
> >Bob, I can count on one hand the number of times I've disagreed with >you, but this is wrong and dangerous. I have dual coils on separate >switches, so that I can test each one during a run-up. One uses >mechanical points, and the other electronic points. They are both >on for take-off and landing, but only one for cruise. You are quite correct, common sense calls for independent operability of redundant SYSTEMS . . . I'm wrestling with a new computer build. Working to get all my apps to play nice in Win10. Sorry 'bout that. Had my head down the wrong rabbit hole when I penned that. My visual image during the response was that of assessing the failure of one coil in a two coil (waste spark) system. Thanks for the heads-up! The usefulness of an endurance bus went away with Z-12. Went you have two, robust engine driven power sources the likelihood of finding it necessary to complete a mission battery-only becomes one of those 10 to the minus bazillion risks. However, if one wishes to honor both (1) legacy crash safety goal of hitting the dirt with electrics max cold and (2) independent feeds for the engine, perhaps the E-Bus finds a new role in Z12 thusly: Emacs! I think this comes close to some alternatives offered by others in recent days . . . The reduced reliability of the added relay and wiring is not a big concern because it's the 'backup' system. Further, it's easily checked for operability in pre-flight. Anytime the MAIN bus is up, the ENGINE bus is up. Finally, the main bus can be taken down without killing the engine. The normal feed path to the ENGINE bus has low parts count, no moving parts and high reliability factor. Let's thrash this around with a goal of offering a failure-tolerant energy source to a electrically dependent engine of any variety. I noticed that one SDS drawing I've looked at recently had 5A or smaller fuses for ALL feeders to their system. Really cool . . . Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 20, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: New role for the E-Bus?
> >Bob, I can count on one hand the number of times I've disagreed with >you, but this is wrong and dangerous. I have dual coils on separate >switches, so that I can test each one during a run-up. One uses >mechanical points, and the other electronic points. They are both >on for take-off and landing, but only one for cruise. You are quite correct, common sense calls for independent operability of redundant SYSTEMS . . . I'm wrestling with a new computer build. Working to get all my apps to play nice in Win10. Sorry 'bout that. Had my head down the wrong rabbit hole when I penned that. My visual image during the response was that of assessing the failure of one coil in a two coil (waste spark) system. Thanks for the heads-up! The usefulness of an endurance bus went away with Z-12. Went you have two, robust engine driven power sources the likelihood of finding it necessary to complete a mission battery-only becomes one of those 10 to the minus bazillion risks. However, if one wishes to honor both (1) legacy crash safety goal of hitting the dirt with electrics max cold and (2) independent feeds for the engine, perhaps the E-Bus finds a new role in Z12 thusly: Emacs! I think this comes close to some alternatives offered by others in recent days . . . The reduced reliability of the added relay and wiring is not a big concern because it's the 'backup' system. Further, it's easily checked for operability in pre-flight. Anytime the MAIN bus is up, the ENGINE bus is up. Finally, the main bus can be taken down without killing the engine. The normal feed path to the ENGINE bus has low parts count, no moving parts and high reliability factor. Let's thrash this around with a goal of offering a failure-tolerant energy source to a electrically dependent engine of any variety. I noticed that one SDS drawing I've looked at recently had 5A or smaller fuses for ALL feeders to their system. Really cool . . . Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 20, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: New role for the E-Bus?
Emacs! P.S. Speaking of pre-flight, this arrangement would call for going to alternate feed and opening the master switch after engine start . . . of course this would reboot electro-whizzies on the main bus. Bob . . . Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
From: "johnbright" <john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Feb 20, 2020
Proposed SDS EFI+I engine bus preflight: Close engine bus alternate feed relay from ship's battery. Energize both fuel pumps. Read battery voltage on SDS programmer. Engine bus alternate feed has now been tested at 10 to 11 amps and if main bus did not power on the diode is not shorted. Close battery contactor. Open engine bus alternate feed. If engine bus is still powered, diode is not open. Close engine bus alternate feed relay. -------- John Bright, RV-6A, at FWF, O-360, dual SDSEFI EM-5-F Dual batt dual alt SDS dual EM-5-F but considering a single batt design. john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com, Newport News, Va Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494907#494907 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 20, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
At 02:41 PM 2/20/2020, you wrote: > > >Proposed SDS EFI+I engine bus preflight: > >Close engine bus alternate feed relay from ship's battery. >Energize both fuel pumps. >Read battery voltage on SDS programmer. >Engine bus alternate feed has now been tested at 10 to 11 amps and >if main bus did not power on the diode is not shorted. >Close battery contactor. >Open engine bus alternate feed. >If engine bus is still powered, diode is not open. >Close engine bus alternate feed relay. Sounds like a plan . . . Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
From: "johnbright" <john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Feb 20, 2020
nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelect wrote: > > > I noticed that one SDS drawing I've looked at > recently had 5A or smaller fuses for ALL feeders > to their system. Really cool . . . > > Bob . . . Hi Bob, I would love to see that drawing because SDS recommends 10 A fuses for coilpacks and 15 A fuses for fuel pumps. The Walbro data sheet for the fuel pump shows 5.25 A per pump at 45 psi which is the SDS recommended pressure. SDS says the four cylinder coilpacks draw "just over 1 amp each in cruise at 2,400 rpm". In order to meet FAR 23.1361 I add relays for the pumps and coils at the engine bus. How about connecting the aux alternator directly to the battery? -------- John Bright, RV-6A, at FWF, O-360, dual SDSEFI EM-5-F Dual batt dual alt SDS dual EM-5-F but considering a single batt design. john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com, Newport News, Va Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494913#494913 Attachments: http://forums.matronics.com//files/erase_single_battery_for_ael_146.jpg ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 20, 2020
John Bright, I suggest that the engine bus relay coil be connected to the relay common terminal instead of the relay normally open terminal. In other words, the relay coil should be powered by the battery, not by the main power bus. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494915#494915 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
From: "johnbright" <john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Feb 20, 2020
user9253 wrote: > John Bright, > I suggest that the engine bus relay coil be connected to the relay common terminal instead of the relay normally open terminal. > In other words, the relay coil should be powered by the battery, not by the main power bus. Thanks Joe!... silly error on my part I'll fix it tomorrow. -------- John Bright, RV-6A, at FWF, O-360, dual SDSEFI EM-5-F Dual batt dual alt SDS dual EM-5-F but considering a single batt design. john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com, Newport News, Va Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494917#494917 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Technology and healthcare
From: "Cameron Field" <zaroon.zein(at)owee.org>
Date: Feb 21, 2020
Technology is viewed as the main thrust behind enhancements in human services and, when you take a gander at the pace of progress and late advancements, many think that its hard not to concur with that perception. Better and More Accessible Treatment Various industry examiners have seen that expanded availability of treatment is one of the most unmistakable ways that innovation has changed healthcare. Wellbeing IT opens up a lot more roads of investigation and research, which permits specialists to make medicinal services more determined and successful than it has ever been. Improved Care and Efficiency Another key zone that has developed and keeps on doing so shows restraint care. The utilization of data innovation has made patient consideration more secure and increasingly solid in many applications. The way that attendants and specialists who are taking a shot at the cutting edge are presently routinely utilizing hand-held PCs to record significant ongoing patient information and afterward sharing it in a split second inside their refreshed clinical history is an amazing representation of the advantages of wellbeing IT. Technology Improves Healthcare and Disease Control The improvement of explicit programming programs implies that, for instance, the World Health Organization has had the option to order ailments, their causes and manifestations into an enormous database that includes in excess of 14,000 individual codes. Also scientific and technological developments keep on realizing shifts in the cannabis and CBD segments implying that more illnesses can be treated in an ever-expanding number of patients. While the leap forward in disconnecting CBD from the psychoactive THC compound happened decades prior, gratitude to new advances, we are at long last arriving at a point where CBD can become standard. To learn more valuable facts and news related to CBD products visit https://cbdcentrals.com. We have seen numerous positive changes in wellbeing IT and hope to keep seeing additionally energizing improvements later on! Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494921#494921 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: SPAM on Matronics
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 21, 2020
I tried emailing Matt several times about spam on the AeroElectric List and other Matronics lists, but he has not responded. Maybe he will see this thread. Or maybe Bob N can contact Matt. I believe that a single person or company is using several aliases listed below. The spammer can be sneaky, inserting aviation related material to make his or her post appear to be legitimate. - Matt, The following threads are spam and need to be deleted: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=18994 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=29971 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=36956 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=45261 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=64853 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16765515 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768494 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768495 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768496 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768497 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768497 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768498 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16770512 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16771914 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16772546 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16772753 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16773485 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774897 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774932 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774950 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774980 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16775011 http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16775052 Please delete the following spammers who posted on the above threads: AdilahBisar Cameron Field Isaac jameslara johnmathew KatoGilliam KennethAmpbell MichealRobert pallaviparker stephen092 Verolla Whiteleg alisondaewon fengqingxue Jess sofia_bow1994 tomarc365 tripathiankush -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494923#494923 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 21, 2020
From: D Fritz <dfritzj(at)yahoo.com>
Subject: RE: New role for the E-Bus?
Bob, Unfortunately, I haven't been able to see the diagram you posted on this (I get the "emacs" on the digest instead of a link). That said, it sounds like what you're proposing would look an awful lot like the Z13/20 diagram that you toyed with several years back. Would it provide the architecture we're looking for in this? Dan For context: "....However, if one wishes to honor both (1) legacy crash safety goal of hitting the dirt with electrics max cold and (2) independent feeds for the engine, perhaps the E-Bus finds a new role in Z12 thusly: Emacs! I think this comes close to some alternatives offered by others in recent days . . ." ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 21, 2020
You can view Bob's diagram here: http://forums.matronics.com/files/43923f9_149.jpg -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494925#494925 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: SPAM on Matronics
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 21, 2020
On 2/21/2020 8:53 AM, user9253 wrote: > > I tried emailing Matt several times about spam on the AeroElectric List > and other Matronics lists, but he has not responded. > Maybe he will see this thread. Or maybe Bob N can contact Matt. > I believe that a single person or company is using several aliases listed below. > The spammer can be sneaky, inserting aviation related material to make his or her post appear to be legitimate. > - > Matt, > The following threads are spam and need to be deleted: > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=18994 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=29971 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=36956 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=45261 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=64853 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16765515 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768494 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768495 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768496 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768497 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768497 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768498 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16770512 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16771914 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16772546 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16772753 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16773485 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774897 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774932 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774950 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774980 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16775011 > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16775052 > > Please delete the following spammers who posted on the above threads: > > AdilahBisar > Cameron Field > Isaac > jameslara > johnmathew > KatoGilliam > KennethAmpbell > MichealRobert > pallaviparker > stephen092 > Verolla > Whiteleg > alisondaewon > fengqingxue > Jess > sofia_bow1994 > tomarc365 > tripathiankush > > -------- > Joe Gores > Spam is such a minor issue on the Matronics lists that I just tell my email application to mark them as spam & move on. I use Thunderbird on Windows7, BlueMail on my android phone, and Gmail's native web interface if I'm on another computer. All will allow blocking spam, through Gmail's 'smart' spam filtering. It can learn to block individual senders, even if they come through an email portal like the Matronics email lists. Can't offer any advice on the forum format, since I don't use it. Charlie ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 21, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
> >Hi Bob, > >I would love to see that drawing because SDS recommends 10 A fuses >for coilpacks and 15 A fuses for fuel pumps. The Walbro data sheet >for the fuel pump shows 5.25 A per pump at 45 psi which is the SDS >recommended pressure. SDS says the four cylinder coilpacks draw >"just over 1 amp each in cruise at 2,400 rpm". Let me see if I can dig that up again . . . I don't know if I saved it after discovery a ten or so days ago when we started this thread. >In order to meet FAR 23.1361 I add relays for the pumps and coils at >the engine bus. How about configuring the engine bus as shown in. http://www.aeroelectric.com/PPS/Adobe_Architecture_Pdfs/Z01P2-Preliminary.pdf Now you can run all engine loads through separate protection and panel mounted switches while still complying with the max-cold- during-worst-landings design goal. No at-the-bus disconnection necessary. >How about connecting the aux alternator directly to the battery? The reason for doing that in Z13/8 was to bypass the battery contactor thus eliminating that parasitic load during main-alt-out operations. Given that we're not offered a much more robust (30A) pad-driven alternator, such frugality is no longer useful. Hence, the Z13/8 architecture gives way to Z-12. Simpler and even holy-watered by the FAA! I've been gathering some of our thoughts over recent months into a proposed new Z-figure to replace Z13 and Z12. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 21, 2020
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
On Fri, Feb 21, 2020 at 12:57 PM Robert L. Nuckolls, III < nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com> wrote: > > Hi Bob, > > I would love to see that drawing because SDS recommends 10 A fuses for > coilpacks and 15 A fuses for fuel pumps. The Walbro data sheet for the fuel > pump shows 5.25 A per pump at 45 psi which is the SDS recommended pressure. > SDS says the four cylinder coilpacks draw "just over 1 amp each in cruise > at 2,400 rpm". > > > Let me see if I can dig that up again . . . I don't > know if I saved it after discovery a ten or so > days ago when we started this thread. > > In order to meet FAR 23.1361 I add relays for the pumps and coils at the > engine bus. > > > How about configuring the engine bus as > shown in. > > > http://www.aeroelectric.com/PPS/Adobe_Architecture_Pdfs/Z01P2-Preliminary.pdf > > Now you can run all engine loads through > separate protection and panel mounted switches > while still complying with the max-cold- > during-worst-landings design goal. No > at-the-bus disconnection necessary. > > > How about connecting the aux alternator directly to the battery? > > > The reason for doing that in Z13/8 was to bypass > the battery contactor thus eliminating that parasitic > load during main-alt-out operations. Given that > we're not offered a much more robust (30A) pad-driven > alternator, such frugality is no longer useful. Hence, > the Z13/8 architecture gives way to Z-12. Simpler > and even holy-watered by the FAA! > > I've been gathering some of our thoughts over recent > months into a proposed new Z-figure to replace > Z13 and Z12. > > Bob . . . > I'm on email delivery, and apparently I'm missing a significant % of forum posts. I'm not following the 'FAR 23' issue with relays at the engine bus for downstream stuff. A fuse at the bus protects everything downstream of the fuse. When I did failure analysis for my single battery/dual alt, electrically dependent alternative engine, it looked like any conventional arrangement of dual alts with control fed by the main bus and B leads *to* the main bus, would result in the loss of both alts if the master is turned off ('smoke in the cockpit'). I chose to route one alt's B lead directly to the engine bus, making it effectively a dedicated electrical power source for the engine, controlled via the engine bus. Goal was to preserve 'classical' engine independence, and not depend on the limited energy in the battery to complete the flight. There is still a cross-tie switch between engine and main buses, to maintain alt failure redundancy. Is there a problem with this approach? Charlie ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 21, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: RE: New role for the E-Bus?
At 10:28 AM 2/21/2020, you wrote: > >Bob, >Unfortunately, I haven't been able to see the diagram you posted on >this (I get the "emacs" on the digest instead of a link). That >said, it sounds like what you're proposing would look an awful lot >like the Z13/20 diagram that you toyed with several years >back. Would it provide the architecture we're looking for in this? That one is already outdated. Go here https://tinyurl.com/ukper7j Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 22, 2020
From: Jeff Luckey <jluckey(at)pacbell.net>
Subject: Re: RE: New role for the E-Bus?
Bob, 2 Questions: 1. why is a 30A fuse upstream of a 5A breaker for alternator field?2. why u se a relay for the "clearance delivery" circuit?=C2- III wrote: At 10:28 AM 2/21/2020, you wrote: --> AeroElectric-List messageposted by: D Fritz Bob, Unfortunately, I haven't been able to see the diagram you posted on this(I get the "emacs" on the digest instead of a link).=C2- Thatsaid, it sounds like what you're proposing would look an awful lot likethe Z13/20 diagram that you toyed with several years back.=C2- Would itprovide the architect ure we're looking for inthis? =C2- That one is already outdated. Go here https://tinyurl.com/ukper7j =C2- Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Power Duece Schottky diodes
From: "Randy C-GRPY" <rpulis(at)shaw.ca>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
I want dual diodes to feed alternate power to critical components with only one power input. The ones sold by Perihelion Designs seem to fit the bill well but are quite pricey. Are they worth the cost or are there equally good, cheaper solutions to be considered? Thanks Randy Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494939#494939 ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Richard Girard <aslsa.rng(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
Subject: Re: SPAM on Matronics
Charlie, I've always been afraid to delete spurious posts right out of the spam folder for fear it would start declaring real posts as spam (which happens occasionally anyway) You've given me hope that I can find a way to make it more reliable. Thanks Rick On Fri, Feb 21, 2020 at 12:15 PM Charlie England wrote: > ceengland7(at)gmail.com> > > On 2/21/2020 8:53 AM, user9253 wrote: > > > > I tried emailing Matt several times about spam on the AeroElectric List > > and other Matronics lists, but he has not responded. > > Maybe he will see this thread. Or maybe Bob N can contact Matt. > > I believe that a single person or company is using several aliases > listed below. > > The spammer can be sneaky, inserting aviation related material to make > his or her post appear to be legitimate. > > - > > Matt, > > The following threads are spam and need to be deleted: > > > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=18994 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=29971 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=36956 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=45261 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=64853 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16765515 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768494 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768495 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768496 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768497 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768497 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768498 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16770512 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16771914 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16772546 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16772753 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16773485 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774897 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774932 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774950 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774980 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16775011 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16775052 > > > > Please delete the following spammers who posted on the above threads: > > > > AdilahBisar > > Cameron Field > > Isaac > > jameslara > > johnmathew > > KatoGilliam > > KennethAmpbell > > MichealRobert > > pallaviparker > > stephen092 > > Verolla > > Whiteleg > > alisondaewon > > fengqingxue > > Jess > > sofia_bow1994 > > tomarc365 > > tripathiankush > > > > -------- > > Joe Gores > > > Spam is such a minor issue on the Matronics lists that I just tell my > email application to mark them as spam & move on. I use Thunderbird on > Windows7, BlueMail on my android phone, and Gmail's native web interface > if I'm on another computer. All will allow blocking spam, through > Gmail's 'smart' spam filtering. It can learn to block individual > senders, even if they come through an email portal like the Matronics > email lists. > > Can't offer any advice on the forum format, since I don't use it. > > Charlie =========== =========== =========== =========== =========== =========== > > -- =9CBlessed are the cracked, for they shall let in the light.=9D Groucho Marx <http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/43244.Groucho_Marx> ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 11:14 AM Randy C-GRPY wrote: > > I want dual diodes to feed alternate power to critical components with > only one power input. The ones sold by Perihelion Designs seem to fit the > bill well but are quite pricey. Are they worth the cost or are there > equally good, cheaper solutions to be considered? > > Thanks > Randy > > There are hundreds of choices on ebay, at prices all over the map (even for the same device). ex: The stps12045tv is a dual 60A 45V device with an electrically isolated base (simpler mounting) that can be found for as much as $75, or as little as 2 for $12, if you're willing to wait a few weeks for them to arrive from China. Mouser (major electronics supplier) has them for $20. If you spend more time searching, you might find some even cheaper; I did several months ago. If you don't need that much current, you can get a whole bag of them for less than $10 in some cases. Do exercise caution when mounting any metal tabbed device, to be sure the tab isn't electrically common to one of the leads. When browsing, just look for voltage above ~20V, at whatever current you need. Remember that current ratings assume significant heat sinking; if you want to avoid mounting on a heat sink, just oversize the device significantly for the job. A legit heat sink will probably cost a lot more than upsizing the device. :-) https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps12045tv ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 22, 2020
From: Jeff Luckey <jluckey(at)pacbell.net>
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
Randy, See if this meets your specs... https://www.mouser.com/productdetail/stmicroelectronics/stth10002tv1?qs=C ak7mXXNf1WSROaFc2i88g%3D%3D I'm using them to isolate my main buss in my RV-7. -Jeff land7(at)gmail.com> wrote: On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 11:14 AM Randy C-GRPY wrote: I want dual diodes to feed alternate power to critical components with only one power input.=C2- The ones sold by Perihelion Designs seem to fit the bill well but are quite pricey. Are they worth the cost or are there equal ly good, cheaper solutions to be considered? Thanks Randy There are hundreds of choices on ebay, at prices all over the map (even for the same device). ex: The stps12045tv is a dual 60A 45V device with an ele ctrically isolated base (simpler mounting) that can be found for as much as $75, or as little as 2 for $12, if you're willing to wait a few weeks for them to arrive from China. Mouser (major electronics supplier) has them for $20. If you spend more time searching, you might find some even cheaper; I did several months ago. If you don't need that much current, you can get a whole bag of them for le ss than $10 in some cases. Do exercise caution when mounting any metal tabb ed device, to be sure the tab isn't electrically common to one of the leads . When browsing, just look for voltage above ~20V, at whatever current you need. Remember that current ratings assume significant heat sinking; if you want to avoid mounting on a heat sink, just oversize the device significan tly for the job. A legit heat sink will probably cost a lot more than upsiz ing the device. :-)https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m5 70.l1313&_nkw=dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0 &_odkw=stps12045tv ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: SPAM on Matronics
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
I never (or rarely) bother to delete spam out of the spam folder. Gmail automatically deletes spam from the folder after 30 days. The spam 'detecter' is also supposed to be capable of learning, so if you check your spam folder every week or so, and move any known-good emails back to the inbox (mark as 'not-spam' or 'not-junk') it will adjust to your preferences. I do occasionally find known-good emails in my spam folder, and sometimes they're from a Matronics list. They usually have a subject line that might look suspicious to a non-aviation or non-technical 'thinker'. Moving them to the inbox almost always results in gmail treating the sender or subject as OK after that. FWIW, Charlie On 2/22/2020 11:06 AM, Richard Girard wrote: > Charlie, I've always been afraid to delete spurious posts right out of > the spam folder for fear it would start declaring real posts as spam > (which happens occasionally anyway) You've given me hope that I can > find a way to make it more reliable. Thanks > > Rick > > On Fri, Feb 21, 2020 at 12:15 PM Charlie England > wrote: > > > > > On 2/21/2020 8:53 AM, user9253 wrote: > > > > > > I tried emailing Matt several times about spam on the > AeroElectric List > > and other Matronics lists, but he has not responded. > > Maybe he will see this thread. Or maybe Bob N can contact Matt. > > I believe that a single person or company is using several > aliases listed below. > > The spammer can be sneaky, inserting aviation related material > to make his or her post appear to be legitimate. > > - > > Matt, > > The following threads are spam and need to be deleted: > > > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=18994 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=29971 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=36956 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=45261 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=64853 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16765515 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768494 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768495 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768496 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768497 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768497 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16768498 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16770512 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16771914 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16772546 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16772753 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16773485 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774897 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774932 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774950 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16774980 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16775011 > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?t=16775052 > > > > Please delete the following spammers who posted on the above > threads: > > > > AdilahBisar > > Cameron Field > > Isaac > > jameslara > > johnmathew > > KatoGilliam > > KennethAmpbell > > MichealRobert > > pallaviparker > > stephen092 > > Verolla > > Whiteleg > > alisondaewon > > fengqingxue > > Jess > > sofia_bow1994 > > tomarc365 > > tripathiankush > > > > -------- > > Joe Gores > > > Spam is such a minor issue on the Matronics lists that I just tell my > email application to mark them as spam & move on. I use > Thunderbird on > Windows7, BlueMail on my android phone, and Gmail's native web > interface > if I'm on another computer. All will allow blocking spam, through > Gmail's 'smart' spam filtering. It can learn to block individual > senders, even if they come through an email portal like the Matronics > email lists. > > Can't offer any advice on the forum format, since I don't use it. > > Charlie > ========== > br> fts!) > r> > rel="noreferrer" > target="_blank">http://www.matronics.com/contribution > -Matt Dralle, List Admin. > ========== > - > Electric-List" rel="noreferrer" > target="_blank">http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?AeroElectric-List > ========== > FORUMS - > eferrer" target="_blank">http://forums.matronics.com > ========== > WIKI - > errer" target="_blank">http://wiki.matronics.com > ========== > b Site - > -Matt Dralle, List Admin. > rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.matronics.com/contribution > ========== > > > -- > > > Blessed are the cracked, for they shall let in the light. Groucho > Marx <http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/43244.Groucho_Marx> > > ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
From: "Randy C-GRPY" <rpulis(at)shaw.ca>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
jluckey(at)pacbell.net wrote: > Randy, > > > See if this meets your specs... > > > https://www.mouser.com/productdetail/stmicroelectronics/stth10002tv1?qs=Cak7mXXNf1WSROaFc2i88g%3D%3D (https://www.mouser.com/productdetail/stmicroelectronics/stth10002tv1?qs=Cak7mXXNf1WSROaFc2i88g%3D%3D) > > > > > > I'm using them to isolate my main buss in my RV-7. > > > > > > > -Jeff > > > > On Saturday, > > > > > > > > > On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 11:14 AM Randy C-GRPY wrote: > > > > > > I want dual diodes to feed alternate power to critical components with only one power input. The ones sold by Perihelion Designs seem to fit the bill well but are quite pricey. Are they worth the cost or are there equally good, cheaper solutions to be considered? > > > > Thanks > > Randy > > > > > > > There are hundreds of choices on ebay, at prices all over the map (even for the same device). ex: The stps12045tv is a dual 60A 45V device with an electrically isolated base (simpler mounting) that can be found for as much as $75, or as little as 2 for $12, if you're willing to wait a few weeks for them to arrive from China. Mouser (major electronics supplier) has them for $20. If you spend more time searching, you might find some even cheaper; I did several months ago. > > > If you don't need that much current, you can get a whole bag of them for less than $10 in some cases. Do exercise caution when mounting any metal tabbed device, to be sure the tab isn't electrically common to one of the leads. When browsing, just look for voltage above ~20V, at whatever current you need. Remember that current ratings assume significant heat sinking; if you want to avoid mounting on a heat sink, just oversize the device significantly for the job. A legit heat sink will probably cost a lot more than upsizing the device. :-) > https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps12045tv (https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps12045tv) Thanks Jeff. That would probably work for my engine bus. It looks like that one has two power inputs with two discrete outputs. I was more thinking two power inputs with one power output. Randy Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494947#494947 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
From: "Randy C-GRPY" <rpulis(at)shaw.ca>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
ceengland7(at)gmail.com wrote: > On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 11:14 AM Randy C-GRPY wrote: > > > > > > I want dual diodes to feed alternate power to critical components with only one power input. The ones sold by Perihelion Designs seem to fit the bill well but are quite pricey. Are they worth the cost or are there equally good, cheaper solutions to be considered? > > > > Thanks > > Randy > > > > > > > > > > > There are hundreds of choices on ebay, at prices all over the map (even for the same device). ex: The stps12045tv is a dual 60A 45V device with an electrically isolated base (simpler mounting) that can be found for as much as $75, or as little as 2 for $12, if you're willing to wait a few weeks for them to arrive from China. Mouser (major electronics supplier) has them for $20. If you spend more time searching, you might find some even cheaper; I did several months ago. > > > If you don't need that much current, you can get a whole bag of them for less than $10 in some cases. Do exercise caution when mounting any metal tabbed device, to be sure the tab isn't electrically common to one of the leads. When browsing, just look for voltage above ~20V, at whatever current you need. Remember that current ratings assume significant heat sinking; if you want to avoid mounting on a heat sink, just oversize the device significantly for the job. A legit heat sink will probably cost a lot more than upsizing the device. :-) > https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps12045tv (https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps12045tv) Thanks Charlie. I will look into the link you provided. Randy Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494948#494948 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
From: Tim Olson <Tim(at)MyRV10.com>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
That would work, but with a Vf of .7V, I think the idea that he has is likely to use the Schottky for less voltage drop. You can get similar Schottky diodes for similar prices and only end up with .2 or .3V drop. Tim On 2/22/20 12:28 PM, Jeff Luckey wrote: > Randy, > > See if this meets your specs... > > https://www.mouser.com/productdetail/stmicroelectronics/stth10002tv1?qs=Cak7mXXNf1WSROaFc2i88g%3D%3D > > > I'm using them to isolate my main buss in my RV-7. > > > > -Jeff > > wrote: > > > > > On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 11:14 AM Randy C-GRPY > wrote: > > > > > I want dual diodes to feed alternate power to critical components > with only one power input. The ones sold by Perihelion Designs seem > to fit the bill well but are quite pricey. Are they worth the cost > or are there equally good, cheaper solutions to be considered? > > Thanks > Randy > > > There are hundreds of choices on ebay, at prices all over the map (even > for the same device). ex: The stps12045tv is a dual 60A 45V device with > an electrically isolated base (simpler mounting) that can be found for > as much as $75, or as little as 2 for $12, if you're willing to wait a > few weeks for them to arrive from China. Mouser (major electronics > supplier) has them for $20. If you spend more time searching, you might > find some even cheaper; I did several months ago. > > If you don't need that much current, you can get a whole bag of them for > less than $10 in some cases. Do exercise caution when mounting any metal > tabbed device, to be sure the tab isn't electrically common to one of > the leads. When browsing, just look for voltage above ~20V, at whatever > current you need. Remember that current ratings assume significant heat > sinking; if you want to avoid mounting on a heat sink, just oversize the > device significantly for the job. A legit heat sink will probably cost a > lot more than upsizing the device. :-) > https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps12045tv > > ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
On 2/22/2020 1:00 PM, Randy C-GRPY wrote: > > > jluckey(at)pacbell.net wrote: >> Randy, >> >> >> See if this meets your specs... >> >> >> https://www.mouser.com/productdetail/stmicroelectronics/stth10002tv1?qs=Cak7mXXNf1WSROaFc2i88g%3D%3D (https://www.mouser.com/productdetail/stmicroelectronics/stth10002tv1?qs=Cak7mXXNf1WSROaFc2i88g%3D%3D) >> >> >> >> >> >> I'm using them to isolate my main buss in my RV-7. >> >> >> >> >> >> >> -Jeff >> >> >> >> On Saturday, >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 11:14 AM Randy C-GRPY wrote: >> >> >>> >>> I want dual diodes to feed alternate power to critical components with only one power input. The ones sold by Perihelion Designs seem to fit the bill well but are quite pricey. Are they worth the cost or are there equally good, cheaper solutions to be considered? >>> >>> Thanks >>> Randy >>> >>> >> >> There are hundreds of choices on ebay, at prices all over the map (even for the same device). ex: The stps12045tv is a dual 60A 45V device with an electrically isolated base (simpler mounting) that can be found for as much as $75, or as little as 2 for $12, if you're willing to wait a few weeks for them to arrive from China. Mouser (major electronics supplier) has them for $20. If you spend more time searching, you might find some even cheaper; I did several months ago. >> >> >> If you don't need that much current, you can get a whole bag of them for less than $10 in some cases. Do exercise caution when mounting any metal tabbed device, to be sure the tab isn't electrically common to one of the leads. When browsing, just look for voltage above ~20V, at whatever current you need. Remember that current ratings assume significant heat sinking; if you want to avoid mounting on a heat sink, just oversize the device significantly for the job. A legit heat sink will probably cost a lot more than upsizing the device. :-) >> https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps12045tv (https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps12045tv) > > Thanks Jeff. That would probably work for my engine bus. It looks like that one has two power inputs with two discrete outputs. I was more thinking two power inputs with one power output. > > Randy The part # I quoted, and the link Jeff sent, are the same package. Jeff's version is 50A current handling instead of 60A and 200V instead of 40V. Either one can do what you want by simply tying the cathodes together. It'll cost you an extra ring terminal (and a butt splice, if you feed the output through a few inches of 'ballast' wire off each terminal). Charlie ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 22, 2020
From: Jeff Luckey <jluckey(at)pacbell.net>
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
Randy, It's a 2 diode package.=C2- You can wire it any way you want. Let me know if you have any questions, -Jeff haw.ca> wrote: jluckey(at)pacbell.net wrote: > Randy, > > > See if this meets your specs... > > > https://www.mouser.com/productdetail/stmicroelectronics/stth10002tv1?qs =Cak7mXXNf1WSROaFc2i88g%3D%3D (https://www.mouser.com/productdetail/stmic roelectronics/stth10002tv1?qs=Cak7mXXNf1WSROaFc2i88g%3D%3D) > > > > > > I'm using them to isolate my main buss in my RV-7. > > > > > > > -Jeff > > >=C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- >=C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2 - =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2 England=C2- wrote:=C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- >=C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- > >=C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- > >=C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- > > > > On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 11:14 AM Randy C-GRPY=C2- wrote: > > > >=C2- > >=C2- I want dual diodes to feed alternate power to critical components with only one power input.=C2- The ones sold by Perihelion Designs seem to fit the bill well but are quite pricey. Are they worth the cost or are t here equally good, cheaper solutions to be considered? > >=C2- > >=C2- Thanks > >=C2- Randy > >=C2- > > > > > There are hundreds of choices on ebay, at prices all over the map (even f or the same device). ex: The stps12045tv is a dual 60A 45V device with an e lectrically isolated base (simpler mounting) that can be found for as much as $75, or as little as 2 for $12, if you're willing to wait a few weeks fo r them to arrive from China. Mouser (major electronics supplier) has them f or $20. If you spend more time searching, you might find some even cheaper; I did several months ago. > > > If you don't need that much current, you can get a whole bag of them for less than $10 in some cases. Do exercise caution when mounting any metal ta bbed device, to be sure the tab isn't electrically common to one of the lea ds. When browsing, just look for voltage above ~20V, at whatever current yo u need. Remember that current ratings assume significant heat sinking; if y ou want to avoid mounting on a heat sink, just oversize the device signific antly for the job. A legit heat sink will probably cost a lot more than ups izing the device. :-) > https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=d ual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps1204 5tv (https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw =dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps 12045tv) Thanks Jeff. That would probably work for my engine bus. It looks like that one has two power inputs with two discrete outputs.=C2- I was more think ing two power inputs with one power output. Randy Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494947#494947 =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- -Matt Dralle, List Admin. - S - WIKI - - =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- -Matt Dralle, List Admin. ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
Mouser part: 511-STPS200170TV1Y Mouser part: 78-VS-QA250FA20 Mouser part: 863-MBRF20L45CTG only costs $0.83 -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494951#494951 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 22, 2020
From: Charles Kuss <chaskuss(at)yahoo.com>
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
Jeff and Randy,=C2-The diode pack that Jeff supplied the link to is not i deal for our purposes. It's really designed for heavy duty welding equipmen t. It has a seven tenths of a volt dro forward. That means that when power is being supplied through that diode pack you lose seven tenths of a volt. You want to try and find one of these things that only has a 0.2 or 0.3 vol t drop in the forward Direction. Pull up the product data sheet for any of these that interest you. Then look on the datasheet for VF. That is the for ward voltage drop rating for that device. Charlie Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 4:57 PM, Randy C-GRPY wrote: -- jluckey(at)pacbell.net wrote: > Randy, > > > See if this meets your specs... > > > https://www.mouser.com/productdetail/stmicroelectronics/stth10002tv1?qs =Cak7mXXNf1WSROaFc2i88g%3D%3D (https://www.mouser.com/productdetail/stmic roelectronics/stth10002tv1?qs=Cak7mXXNf1WSROaFc2i88g%3D%3D) > > > > > > I'm using them to isolate my main buss in my RV-7. > > > > > > > -Jeff > > >=C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- >=C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2 - =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2 England=C2- wrote:=C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- >=C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- > >=C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- > >=C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- > > > > On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 11:14 AM Randy C-GRPY=C2- wrote: > > > >=C2- > >=C2- I want dual diodes to feed alternate power to critical components with only one power input.=C2- The ones sold by Perihelion Designs seem to fit the bill well but are quite pricey. Are they worth the cost or are t here equally good, cheaper solutions to be considered? > >=C2- > >=C2- Thanks > >=C2- Randy > >=C2- > > > > > There are hundreds of choices on ebay, at prices all over the map (even f or the same device). ex: The stps12045tv is a dual 60A 45V device with an e lectrically isolated base (simpler mounting) that can be found for as much as $75, or as little as 2 for $12, if you're willing to wait a few weeks fo r them to arrive from China. Mouser (major electronics supplier) has them f or $20. If you spend more time searching, you might find some even cheaper; I did several months ago. > > > If you don't need that much current, you can get a whole bag of them for less than $10 in some cases. Do exercise caution when mounting any metal ta bbed device, to be sure the tab isn't electrically common to one of the lea ds. When browsing, just look for voltage above ~20V, at whatever current yo u need. Remember that current ratings assume significant heat sinking; if y ou want to avoid mounting on a heat sink, just oversize the device signific antly for the job. A legit heat sink will probably cost a lot more than ups izing the device. :-) > https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=d ual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps1204 5tv (https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw =dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps 12045tv) Thanks Jeff. That would probably work for my engine bus. It looks like that one has two power inputs with two discrete outputs.=C2- I was more think ing two power inputs with one power output. Randy Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494947#494947 =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- -Matt Dralle, List Admin. - S - WIKI - - =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- -Matt Dralle, List Admin. ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
From: "Randy C-GRPY" <rpulis(at)shaw.ca>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
Thanks fellas for chiming in. I'm on the steep part of the learning curve. I was thinking about using the DSS2X61-0045A although I'm still planning on browsing for less expensive alternatives that will do the job adequately. I like the style of the one referenced simply because it looks ready to connect and mount. One question: For low current applications such as those in our aircraft, watts should be pretty low. How do I determine if a heat sink is required? Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494954#494954 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
Most of the diodes discussed above will drop about 0.5 volts at 10 amps. The power loss will be 0.5 x 10 = 5 watts. That will produce lots of heat. Have you ever touched a 3 watt incandescent night light? So yes, use a heat sink with heat conductive paste. The aircraft structure can serve as a heat sink if it is aluminum. If the diode mounting surface is not electrically insulated from the diode terminals, then some type of dielectric heat conductive film must be used between the diode and mounting surface. If a TO220 diode is used, solder wires to the 3 terminals. A coating of E6000 will insulate and protect the terminals from vibration. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494957#494957 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
From: "johnbright" <john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
Randy C-GRPY wrote: > Also, how are the electrical connections made to the pins of the diode typically? > The diodes with the prongs look like there should be a matching plug. > > Randy Hi Randy, those are TO-220 cases designed for circuit board mount. They have their very own Wikipedia page. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TO-220 I suggest soldering to them like this: http://www.aeroelectric.com/articles/Solder_Lap_Splicing/Solder_Lap_Splices.html Apply heat as quickly as possible to avoid damaging the diode. -------- John Bright, RV-6A, at FWF, O-360, dual SDSEFI EM-5-F Dual batt dual alt SDS dual EM-5-F but considering a single batt design. john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com, Newport News, Va Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494958#494958 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: SPAM on Matronics
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
Charlie, I also use gmail. The spam that I am talking about is not delivered via email. It is posted on the Matronics website and is embedded into existing threads or else new threads are started by the scammer. Use this link, http://forums.matronics.com/viewforum.php?f=3 to read the AeroElectric List. No email is involved. The above listed spammers have posted a total of 68 times on Matronics. Compare that to VansAirforce where I have never seen any spam posted. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494959#494959 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: mystery relay
From: "johnbright" <john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
Hi Bob, Question... what is the part number of this relay shown in Z-02 and Z-07? -------- John Bright, RV-6A, at FWF, O-360, dual SDSEFI EM-5-F Dual batt dual alt SDS dual EM-5-F but considering a single batt design. john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com, Newport News, Va Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494960#494960 Attachments: http://forums.matronics.com//files/relay_aux_alternator_168.jpeg ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
From: "Randy C-GRPY" <rpulis(at)shaw.ca>
Date: Feb 22, 2020
user9253 wrote: > Most of the diodes discussed above will drop about 0.5 volts at 10 amps. > The power loss will be 0.5 x 10 = 5 watts. That will produce lots of heat. > Have you ever touched a 3 watt incandescent night light? > So yes, use a heat sink with heat conductive paste. > The aircraft structure can serve as a heat sink if it is aluminum. > If the diode mounting surface is not electrically insulated from the diode terminals, then some > type of dielectric heat conductive film must be used between the diode and mounting surface. > If a TO220 diode is used, solder wires to the 3 terminals. > A coating of E6000 will insulate and protect the terminals from vibration. Thank you Joe. I'm going to be mounting the diodes on the subpanel which is aluminium and most of the components will be less than 5 amps. Based on what you just said, I think that a heat sink likely isn't necessary other than using the panel. Randy Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494961#494961 ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 23, 2020
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 11:24 PM Randy C-GRPY wrote: > > > user9253 wrote: > > Most of the diodes discussed above will drop about 0.5 volts at 10 amps . > > The power loss will be 0.5 x 10 = 5 watts. That will produce lots of > heat. > > Have you ever touched a 3 watt incandescent night light? > > So yes, use a heat sink with heat conductive paste. > > The aircraft structure can serve as a heat sink if it is aluminum. > > If the diode mounting surface is not electrically insulated from the > diode terminals, then some > > type of dielectric heat conductive film must be used between the diode > and mounting surface. > > If a TO=88=92220 diode is used, solder wires to the 3 terminals. > > A coating of E6000 will insulate and protect the terminals from > vibration. > > > Thank you Joe. I'm going to be mounting the diodes on the subpanel which > is aluminium and most of the components will be less than 5 amps. Based on > what you just said, I think that a heat sink likely isn't necessary other > than using the panel. > > Randy > There are some decent articles by Jim Weir in Kitplanes on how to calculate heat sink size needed. (Unfortunately, the search feature in Kitplanes' web archive is virtually nonexistent.) An easy rule of thumb for protecting a semiconductor is...your thumb. Seriously, mount the diode block, wire it up to supply and load, and power it up, keeping one hand on the switch and a finger or thumb on the diode block. If you can keep your appendage on the diode without getting burned, it isn't getting too hot. Most semiconductors are rated at somewhere between 80C & 100C, which is much more than a normal human can stand touching their skin. If you're running a single 5A load through a 50A Shottky, you probably don't need to worry too much about thermal damage. Charlie ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: mystery relay
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 23, 2020
Search internet for "40 amp automotive relay". You can buy relays at auto parts stores. Some relays come with a built-in arc suppression diode, but they are not easy to find. So, install a diode across the relay coil with the banded end towards positive. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494963#494963 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 23, 2020
The 30 amp fuse protects the wire running from the bus to the circuit breaker. It replaces the fuselink in older Z figures. If the over-volt module shorts out the circuit, hopefully the 5 amp circuit breaker will trip, but the fuse will not blow. A smaller value fuse might blow before the circuit breaker trips. - One reason for using a relay is for remote control. A relay can shut off the electrical power close to the source instead of running an always hot wire into the cockpit. Shutting off power at the source might prevent sparks after a forced landing. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494964#494964 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: mystery relay
From: "johnbright" <john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Feb 23, 2020
user9253 wrote: > Search internet for "40 amp automotive relay". > Thanks Joe, I was expecting a 40 A relay to be labeled S8009-1, that's what led me to call it Mystery Relay. Z-02, which is preliminary, implies the relay is able to carry enough current to blow a MANL 30; I wasn't sure a 40 A relay would do that. I gather a 40 A automotive relay is TE connectivity 1432791-1 or similar. -------- John Bright, RV-6A, at FWF, O-360, dual SDSEFI EM-5-F Dual batt dual alt SDS dual EM-5-F but considering a single batt design. john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com, Newport News, Va Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494966#494966 ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Christopher Cee Stone <rv8iator(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 24, 2020
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
Beware of counterfeit semiconductors on EBay... https://www.electro-tech-online.com/blog-entries/watch-out-for-counterfeit-transistors.78 I purchased some 2N3055 power bipolors. cut them open and they were counterfeit. Tiny die compared to the original STMicro parts. This may be the case when you see bargain low ball prices for other semiconductors. The modus operandi seems to be to re label parts that look identical to the original but are of lower power higher noise spec. Chris RV-8 twice On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 10:17 AM Charlie England wrote: > > > On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 11:14 AM Randy C-GRPY wrote: > >> >> I want dual diodes to feed alternate power to critical components with >> only one power input. The ones sold by Perihelion Designs seem to fit the >> bill well but are quite pricey. Are they worth the cost or are there >> equally good, cheaper solutions to be considered? >> >> Thanks >> Randy >> >> > There are hundreds of choices on ebay, at prices all over the map (even > for the same device). ex: The stps12045tv is a dual 60A 45V device with an > electrically isolated base (simpler mounting) that can be found for as much > as $75, or as little as 2 for $12, if you're willing to wait a few weeks > for them to arrive from China. Mouser (major electronics supplier) has them > for $20. If you spend more time searching, you might find some even > cheaper; I did several months ago. > > If you don't need that much current, you can get a whole bag of them for > less than $10 in some cases. Do exercise caution when mounting any metal > tabbed device, to be sure the tab isn't electrically common to one of the > leads. When browsing, just look for voltage above ~20V, at whatever current > you need. Remember that current ratings assume significant heat sinking; if > you want to avoid mounting on a heat sink, just oversize the device > significantly for the job. A legit heat sink will probably cost a lot more > than upsizing the device. :-) > > https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps12045tv > > ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: mystery relay
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 24, 2020
The current rating of a relay has been determined by the manufacturer to provide a useful service life. If a relay is operated above its rating, it will not immediately self destruct, but its life will be shortened. If a relay is already energized when a short circuit occurs, a relay could carry 2 or 3 times its rated current for a short time, long enough for an ANL fuse to blow. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494971#494971 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 24, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
> >I'm not following the 'FAR 23' issue with relays at the engine bus >for downstream stuff. >A fuse at the bus protects everything downstream of the fuse. The 'issue' concerns maximum circuit protection for always hot feeders. Classically, the FAA has holy watered 5A as a maximum. Which doesn't make much sense to me . . . There's a huge difference in energy released in a short wire downstream of fuses versus breakers and 14v vs. 28v. The legacy backstop was to add disconnect at the battery . . . relay, contactor etc. >When I did failure analysis for my single battery/dual alt, >electrically dependent alternative engine, it looked like any >conventional arrangement of dual alts with control fed by the main >bus and B leads *to* the main bus, would result in the loss of both >alts if the master is turned off ('smoke in the cockpit'). I chose >to route one alt's B lead directly to the engine bus, making it >effectively a dedicated electrical power source for the engine, >controlled via the engine bus. Goal was to preserve 'classical' >engine independence, and not depend on the limited energy in the >battery to complete the flight. There is still a cross-tie switch >between engine and main buses, to maintain alt failure redundancy. >Is there a problem with this approach? Don't think so . . . but schematics speak far more clearly than words. Could you sketch your architecture and scan or photograph it for sharing? Sorry for the delay. Got a 'bug' last Friday night and I'm just now getting up and around. . . Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 24, 2020
On 2/24/2020 7:00 PM, Robert L. Nuckolls, III wrote: >> >> I'm not following the 'FAR 23' issue with relays at the engine bus >> for downstream stuff. >> A fuse at the bus protects everything downstream of the fuse. > > The 'issue' concerns maximum circuit > protection for always hot feeders. Classically, > the FAA has holy watered 5A as a maximum. > Which doesn't make much sense to me . . . > There's a huge difference in energy released > in a short wire downstream of fuses versus > breakers and 14v vs. 28v. > > The legacy backstop was to add disconnect > at the battery . . . relay, contactor etc. > >> When I did failure analysis for my single battery/dual alt, >> electrically dependent alternative engine, it looked like any >> conventional arrangement of dual alts with control fed by the main >> bus and B leads *to* the main bus, would result in the loss of both >> alts if the master is turned off ('smoke in the cockpit'). I chose to >> route one alt's B lead directly to the engine bus, making it >> effectively a dedicated electrical power source for the engine, >> controlled via the engine bus. Goal was to preserve 'classical' >> engine independence, and not depend on the limited energy in the >> battery to complete the flight. There is still a cross-tie switch >> between engine and main buses, to maintain alt failure redundancy. Is >> there a problem with this approach? > > Don't think so . . . but schematics speak > far more clearly than words. Could you sketch > your architecture and scan or photograph it > for sharing? > > Sorry for the delay. Got a 'bug' last Friday > night and I'm just now getting up and around. . . > > > Bob . . . > Hi Bob, RE: the FAR23 issue, I was referring to a drawing posted earlier that had multiple relays fed from a bus which itself was already controlled. Most of the loads could have been handled easily by switches. To separating the alternator feed-in locations: Is my thinking incorrect about having both alternators controlled by and fed to the main bus? It seems that shutting off the master would also shut off both alternators. To solve that.... Attached is my MS Paint-abused rough draft, using cut/paste from an Aeroelectric drawing. Both alts are internally regulated in this drawing (yeah, I know that you're not a fan, but it's ~$150 vs ~$1000, and I won't be randomly flipping alt switches in flight). All engine related components, and one alternator, are fed from/controlled by the (badly labeled) 'Main Battery Bus (Engine)'. The correct name would be simply 'Engine Bus'. Everything else, including the other alternator, is fed by the Main bus. As I said, this is very rough; any labels beyond the basic battery, buses, alternators, and switching are 'artifacts' of the cannibalized original drawing. Charlie ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Power Duece Schottky diodes
From: "Randy C-GRPY" <rpulis(at)shaw.ca>
Date: Feb 24, 2020
rv8iator wrote: > Beware of counterfeit semiconductorson EBay... > > https://www.electro-tech-online.com/blog-entries/watch-out-for-counterfeit-transistors.78 (https://www.electro-tech-online.com/blog-entries/watch-out-for-counterfeit-transistors.78) > > > I purchased some 2N3055 power bipolors. cut them open and they were counterfeit. Tiny die compared to the original STMicro parts. This may be the case when you see bargain low ball prices for other semiconductors. The modus operandi seems to be to re label parts that look identical to the original but are of lower power higher noise spec. > > > > Chris > RV-8 twice > > > > > On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 10:17 AM Charlie England wrote: > > > > > > > > > > > > On Sat, Feb 22, 2020 at 11:14 AM Randy C-GRPY wrote: > > > > > > > > > > I want dual diodes to feed alternate power to critical components with only one power input. The ones sold by Perihelion Designs seem to fit the bill well but are quite pricey. Are they worth the cost or are there equally good, cheaper solutions to be considered? > > > > > > Thanks > > > Randy > > > > > > > > > > > > There are hundreds of choices on ebay, at prices all over the map (even for the same device). ex: The stps12045tv is a dual 60A 45V device with an electrically isolated base (simpler mounting) that can be found for as much as $75, or as little as 2 for $12, if you're willing to wait a few weeks for them to arrive from China. Mouser (major electronics supplier) has them for $20. If you spend more time searching, you might find some even cheaper; I did several months ago. > > > > > > If you don't need that much current, you can get a whole bag of them for less than $10 in some cases. Do exercise caution when mounting any metal tabbed device, to be sure the tab isn't electrically common to one of the leads. When browsing, just look for voltage above ~20V, at whatever current you need. Remember that current ratings assume significant heat sinking; if you want to avoid mounting on a heat sink, just oversize the device significantly for the job. A legit heat sink will probably cost a lot more than upsizing the device. :-) > > https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps12045tv (https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=dual+schottky+diode&_sacat=0&LH_TitleDesc=0&_osacat=0&_odkw=stps12045tv) > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Thanks for the heads up. I think I will stick to Digikey, Mouser, or Newark. Im thinking they dont buy from unknown suppliers. Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494985#494985 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 25, 2020
Charlie, There is no reason to have the start push button connected to the engine bus. The master contactor must be closed to crank the engine. So the start button might as well be connected to the main power bus. If the bus tie switch happens to be closed while starting the engine, then starter current will flow through that switch. If you must have that switch, then use a DPDT switch with half of the switch in series with the start push button. Wire the DPDT switch so that when the bus tie is closed, the starter is disabled. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494988#494988 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 24, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
> >I'm not following the 'FAR 23' issue with relays at the engine bus >for downstream stuff. >A fuse at the bus protects everything downstream of the fuse. The 'issue' concerns maximum circuit protection for always hot feeders. Classically, the FAA has holy watered 5A as a maximum. Which doesn't make much sense to me . . . There's a huge difference in energy released in a short wire downstream of fuses versus breakers and 14v vs. 28v. The legacy backstop was to add disconnect at the battery . . . relay, contactor etc. >When I did failure analysis for my single battery/dual alt, >electrically dependent alternative engine, it looked like any >conventional arrangement of dual alts with control fed by the main >bus and B leads *to* the main bus, would result in the loss of both >alts if the master is turned off ('smoke in the cockpit'). I chose >to route one alt's B lead directly to the engine bus, making it >effectively a dedicated electrical power source for the engine, >controlled via the engine bus. Goal was to preserve 'classical' >engine independence, and not depend on the limited energy in the >battery to complete the flight. There is still a cross-tie switch >between engine and main buses, to maintain alt failure redundancy. >Is there a problem with this approach? Don't think so . . . but schematics speak far more clearly than words. Could you sketch your architecture and scan or photograph it for sharing? Sorry for the delay. Got a 'bug' last Friday night and I'm just now getting up and around. . . Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 25, 2020
On 2/25/2020 10:06 AM, user9253 wrote: > > Charlie, > There is no reason to have the start push button connected to the engine bus. > The master contactor must be closed to crank the engine. So the start button > might as well be connected to the main power bus. > If the bus tie switch happens to be closed while starting the engine, then > starter current will flow through that switch. If you must have that switch, > then use a DPDT switch with half of the switch in series with the start push button. > Wire the DPDT switch so that when the bus tie is closed, the starter is disabled. > > -------- > Joe Gores Hi Joe, As I said in the reply to Bob, most of the loads in the drawing are 'artifacts' of copy/paste operations from a basic AEC drawing to my Paint program. The only items of significance for our discussion at the moment are the two alternators and the way they connect to the system, vs connecting both to the main bus as shown in other AEC drawings. I'll ponder the bus tie issue. The reason it's there is a convenient way to get alternator/battery to the main bus if there's a failure in the master control path causing the master contactor to open. Thanks, Charlie ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
From: "johnbright" <john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Feb 25, 2020
ceengland7(at)gmail.com wrote: > RE: the FAR23 issue, I was referring to a drawing posted earlier that had multiple relays fed from a bus which itself was already controlled. Most of the loads could have been handled easily by switches. > > > Charlie Thanks Charlie... I noticed that... my latest thinking attached. -------- John Bright, RV-6A, at FWF, O-360 Single batt dual alt SDS EM-5-F. john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com, Newport News, Va Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=494992#494992 Attachments: http://forums.matronics.com//files/elec_schem_1_batt_2nd_alt_on_batt_4_cyl_sds_em_5_f_rev_initial_release_simple_view_907.pdf ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Pat Little <roughleg(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 26, 2020
Subject: OV protection circuit design
I'm designing the electrical system for my aircraft (a Zenith STOL CH750) based on Z-12 (dual alternator, single battery). The primary alternator is a B&C SD-20 controlled by their LR3C. The stby alt is the PM unit built into the Jabiru 3300 engine, and which is managed by a "kubota" style regulator as supplied with the Jabiru firewall-forward kit. The LR-3 contains an OV protection mechanism which will protect against the SD-20 going postal, whereas for the stby alt it will be a separate OV Module. In each case the OV protection shorts the supply to ground and trips a 5A CB. Most of the Z figures show a fuselink at the bus, which I presume is to protect the segment of wire between the bus and the circuit breaker. The Z diagrams show a variety of wire sizes in the OV circuit (for example, Z-20 shows 16, 20, and 22AWG segments all in series) while others (e.g., Z-12) show consistent AWG throughout. I can't figure out why they vary so much, and I'm hoping I can get some feedback on my preliminary design. Here is what I am thinking: [image: image.png] I sized the main alt wires based on B&C's LR3C wiring diagram which shows 18AWG for the field circuit. The power wire sizes for the stby alt are taken from Z-20, and the stby control circuit is sized based on the 20AWG wires on the B&C OVM-14 module (and availability of their 24AWG fuselink kit). The relay draws 0.5A. I'd appreciate any comments. Thanks. ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Lyn Robertson <lyn.robertson(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 26, 2020
Subject: Connecting small wire to large terminal
I am building an RV14A and plan to install dual P-mags. In the drawings, power for the P-mags is shown as coming directly from the switched side of the master solenoid. The problem is that the supply wire is 20 gauge and the solenoid terminal is a 5/16=9D stud. I have been unable to find a ring terminal connector that will fit both the wire and the solenoid terminal. Currently, the only thing on the master solenoid terminal is a 1/2=9D x0.060 solid copper buss bar about 4=9D long that connects to the starter so lenoid. This easiest solution seems to be to drill a hole in the buss bar and connect the P-mag lead to it with #6 hardware. Does anyone see any problem with this? I guess I should mention that I am using the Advanced Control Module (ACM) with electronic circuit breakers from Advanced Flight Systems for power distribution and, as a result, don=99t have direct access to the main buss as I would in a more conventional design. Access to power upstream of the ACM is limited to the master solenoid location mentioned or at the input power connection to the ACM itself. Any advice is greatly appreciated. Thanks! Lyn Robertson Corvallis, OR ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 27, 2020
From: Todd Bristol <djtoddb(at)yahoo.com>
Subject: Connecting small wire to large terminal
Thank you for your email but I will have limited email and phone access bet ween Feb 26 and March 1. =EF=BD I will return all my phone calls and ema ils after March 2nd. =EF=BDIn case of emergencies, please contact Rodney at 480-217-5555. THANK YOU! ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Connecting small wire to large terminal
From: Werner Schneider <glastar(at)gmx.net>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
https://www.steinair.com/product-category/terminals-tape/page/2/?filter_gauge=18-22-ga On 27.02.2020 06:55, Lyn Robertson wrote: > ............. The problem is that the supply wire is 20 gauge and the > solenoid terminal is a 5/16 stud. I have been unable to find a ring > terminal connector that will fit both the wire and the solenoid > terminal. ....................... ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Connecting small wire to large terminal
From: Werner Schneider <glastar(at)gmx.net>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
https://bandc.com/product/insulated-ring-terminal-10-22-awg/ Choose the .31 terminal here a package of 10 so my favorite two suppliers both do have them :) On 27.02.2020 06:55, Lyn Robertson wrote: > ........... The problem is that the supply wire is 20 gauge and the > solenoid terminal is a 5/16 stud. I have been unable to find a ring > terminal connector that will fit both the wire and the solenoid > terminal. ................................ ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
I'm designing the electrical system for my aircraft (a Zenith STOL CH750) b ased on Z-12 (dual alternator, single battery)=2E The primary alternator is a B&C SD-20 controlled by their LR3C=2E The stby alt is the PM unit built into the Jabiru 3300 engine, and which is managed by a "kubota" style regul ator as supplied with the Jabiru firewall-forward kit=2E The LR-3 contain s an OV protection mechanism which will protect against the SD-20 going pos tal, whereas for the stby alt it will be a separate OV Module=2E In each ca se the OV protection shorts the supply to ground and trips a 5A CB=2E Most of the Z figures show a fuselink at the bus, which I presume is to protect the segment of wire between the bus and the circuit breaker=2E The Z diag rams show a variety of wire sizes in the OV circuit (for example, Z-20 show s 16, 20, and 22AWG segments all in series) while others (e=2Eg=2E, Z-12) s how consistent AWG throughout=2E I can't figure out why they vary so much, and I'm hoping I can get some feedback on my preliminary design=2E Here is what I am thinking: =EF=BC I sized the main alt wires based on B&C's L R3C wiring diagram which shows 18AWG for the field circuit=2E The power wi re sizes for the stby alt are taken from Z-20, and the stby control circuit is sized based on the 20AWG wires on the B&C OVM-14 module (and availabili ty of their 24AWG fuselink kit)=2E The relay draws 0=2E5A=2E I'd apprecia te any comments=2E Thanks=2E Hi Pat, I had the same questions when I fi rst looked at the drawings years ago=2E There's a good reason for the vario us wire sizes=2E 22link to 18wire keeps link size manageable, then the 5A b reaker protects the smaller wire=2E BTW, you might need to look at the OV circuit=2E I think that the alt output (regulator out) needs a separate wir e to the bus=2E As drawn, alt output feeds through the 5A breaker=2E The OV circuit should only connect to the relay coil=2E Charlie =81=A3Sent f rom BlueMail =8B On Feb 27, 2020, 1:06 AM, at 1:06 AM, Pat Little wrote: >I'm designing the electrical system for my air craft (a Zenith STOL >CH750) >based on Z-12 (dual alternator, single batter y)=2E The primary alternator >is >a B&C SD-20 controlled by their LR3C=2E T he stby alt is the PM unit built >into the Jabiru 3300 engine, and which is managed by a "kubota" style >regulator as supplied with the Jabiru firewal l-forward kit=2E > >The LR-3 contains an OV protection mechanism which will protect against >the >SD-20 going postal, whereas for the stby alt it will be a separate OV >Module=2E In each case the OV protection shorts the supp ly to ground and >trips a 5A CB=2E Most of the Z figures show a fuselink at the bus, which >I >presume is to protect the segment of wire between the b us and the >circuit >breaker=2E > >The Z diagrams show a variety of wire si zes in the OV circuit (for >example, >Z-20 shows 16, 20, and 22AWG segments all in series) while others >(e=2Eg=2E, >Z-12) show consistent AWG through out=2E I can't figure out why they vary >so >much, and I'm hoping I can get some feedback on my preliminary design=2E >Here >is what I am thinking: >[ image: image=2Epng] >I sized the main alt wires based on B&C's LR3C wiring diagram which >shows >18AWG for the field circuit=2E >The power wire sizes for the stby alt are taken from Z-20, and the stby >control circuit is size d based on the 20AWG wires on the B&C OVM-14 >module >(and availability of their 24AWG fuselink kit)=2E The relay draws 0=2E5A=2E > >I'd appreciate an y comments=2E >Thanks=2E ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Connecting small wire to large terminal
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
Quickest is to fill the extra space with extra strands from larger wire=2E =81=A3Sent from BlueMail =8B On Feb 27, 2020, 1:06 AM, at 1:06 AM, Lyn Robertson wrote: >I am building an R V14A and plan to install dual P-mags=2E In the >drawings, >power for the P- mags is shown as coming directly from the switched side >of >the master sol enoid=2E The problem is that the supply wire is 20 gauge >and >the solenoi d terminal is a 5/16=9D stud=2E I have been unable to find a >ring >t erminal connector that will fit both the wire and the solenoid >terminal=2E >Currently, the only thing on the master solenoid terminal is a >1/2 =9Dx0=2E060 >solid copper buss bar about 4=9D long that connects to t he starter >solenoid=2E > >This easiest solution seems to be to drill a hol e in the buss bar and >connect the P-mag lead to it with #6 hardware=2E Do es anyone see any >problem with this? I guess I should mention that I am u sing the >Advanced >Control Module (ACM) with electronic circuit breakers f rom Advanced >Flight >Systems for power distribution and, as a result, don =99t have direct >access >to the main buss as I would in a more conve ntional design=2E Access to >power >upstream of the ACM is limited to the master solenoid location >mentioned or >at the input power connection to th e ACM itself=2E > >Any advice is greatly appreciated=2E Thanks! > >Lyn Robe rtson >Corvallis, OR ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Sebastien <cluros(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
Subject: Re: Connecting small wire to large terminal
Or one of these? https://m.aircraftspruce.ca/catalog/elpages/ring320572.php?clickkey=7519 On Thu, Feb 27, 2020, 06:34 Charlie England wrote: > Quickest is to fill the extra space with extra strands from larger wire. > > > Sent from BlueMail <http://www.bluemail.me/r?b=15726> > On Feb 27, 2020, at 1:06 AM, Lyn Robertson > wrote: >> >> I am building an RV14A and plan to install dual P-mags. In the drawings, >> power for the P-mags is shown as coming directly from the switched side of >> the master solenoid. The problem is that the supply wire is 20 gauge an d >> the solenoid terminal is a 5/16=9D stud. I have been unable to fin d a ring >> terminal connector that will fit both the wire and the solenoid terminal . >> Currently, the only thing on the master solenoid terminal is a 1/2 =9Dx0.060 >> solid copper buss bar about 4=9D long that connects to the starter solenoid. >> >> This easiest solution seems to be to drill a hole in the buss bar and >> connect the P-mag lead to it with #6 hardware. Does anyone see any >> problem with this? I guess I should mention that I am using the Advance d >> Control Module (ACM) with electronic circuit breakers from Advanced Flig ht >> Systems for power distribution and, as a result, don=99t have dire ct access >> to the main buss as I would in a more conventional design. Access to po wer >> upstream of the ACM is limited to the master solenoid location mentioned or >> at the input power connection to the ACM itself. >> >> Any advice is greatly appreciated. Thanks! >> >> Lyn Robertson >> Corvallis, OR >> > ________________________________________________________________________________
From: David Saylor <saylor.dave(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
Subject: Re: Connecting small wire to large terminal
https://www.steinair.com/product/22-18-ga-red-ring-516/ Or S814 from B&C On Thu, Feb 27, 2020 at 6:51 AM Sebastien wrote: > Or one of these? > > https://m.aircraftspruce.ca/catalog/elpages/ring320572.php?clickkey=751 9 > > On Thu, Feb 27, 2020, 06:34 Charlie England wrote: > >> Quickest is to fill the extra space with extra strands from larger wire. >> >> >> >> Sent from BlueMail <http://www.bluemail.me/r?b=15726> >> On Feb 27, 2020, at 1:06 AM, Lyn Robertson >> wrote: >>> >>> I am building an RV14A and plan to install dual P-mags. In the drawings , >>> power for the P-mags is shown as coming directly from the switched side of >>> the master solenoid. The problem is that the supply wire is 20 gauge a nd >>> the solenoid terminal is a 5/16=9D stud. I have been unable to fi nd a ring >>> terminal connector that will fit both the wire and the solenoid termina l. >>> Currently, the only thing on the master solenoid terminal is a 1/2 =9Dx0.060 >>> solid copper buss bar about 4=9D long that connects to the starte r solenoid. >>> >>> This easiest solution seems to be to drill a hole in the buss bar and >>> connect the P-mag lead to it with #6 hardware. Does anyone see any >>> problem with this? I guess I should mention that I am using the Advanc ed >>> Control Module (ACM) with electronic circuit breakers from Advanced Fli ght >>> Systems for power distribution and, as a result, don=99t have dir ect access >>> to the main buss as I would in a more conventional design. Access to p ower >>> upstream of the ACM is limited to the master solenoid location mentione d or >>> at the input power connection to the ACM itself. >>> >>> Any advice is greatly appreciated. Thanks! >>> >>> Lyn Robertson >>> Corvallis, OR >>> >> ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
I suggest buying a fuse block that holds 15 or 20 fuses. A builder once said to install a fuse block that holds twice as many fuses as you anticipate needing, because you will need them. Every single load, no matter how small, should have its own unique fuse. Then replace the fuse-links with 30 amp fuses. Doing that will simplify the wiring. Looking at Z-20, I suspect the intent was two different wire sizes, with one a typo. If a 30 amp fuse is used instead of a fuse-link, then I would use 22 AWG for all wires in the field circuit. 22 AWG is good for 7 amps. It takes 40 amps to melt 22 wire. Charlie, the alternator B lead is separate and not shown on the diagram. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495012#495012 ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Lyn Robertson <lyn.robertson(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
Subject: Re: Connecting small wire to large terminal
Wow! I feel a little silly. I did look for the 5/16" ring terminals before I wrote my email and convinced there were none to be found. Now, they seem to be everywhere! I am not sure how I could have missed them. Thank you all for the links and for taking time to answer my question. Your help is truly appreciated. Lyn On Thu, Feb 27, 2020 at 6:51 AM Sebastien wrote: > Or one of these? > > https://m.aircraftspruce.ca/catalog/elpages/ring320572.php?clickkey=751 9 > > On Thu, Feb 27, 2020, 06:34 Charlie England wrote: > >> Quickest is to fill the extra space with extra strands from larger wire. >> >> >> >> Sent from BlueMail <http://www.bluemail.me/r?b=15726> >> On Feb 27, 2020, at 1:06 AM, Lyn Robertson >> wrote: >>> >>> I am building an RV14A and plan to install dual P-mags. In the drawings , >>> power for the P-mags is shown as coming directly from the switched side of >>> the master solenoid. The problem is that the supply wire is 20 gauge a nd >>> the solenoid terminal is a 5/16=9D stud. I have been unable to fi nd a ring >>> terminal connector that will fit both the wire and the solenoid termina l. >>> Currently, the only thing on the master solenoid terminal is a 1/2 =9Dx0.060 >>> solid copper buss bar about 4=9D long that connects to the starte r solenoid. >>> >>> This easiest solution seems to be to drill a hole in the buss bar and >>> connect the P-mag lead to it with #6 hardware. Does anyone see any >>> problem with this? I guess I should mention that I am using the Advanc ed >>> Control Module (ACM) with electronic circuit breakers from Advanced Fli ght >>> Systems for power distribution and, as a result, don=99t have dir ect access >>> to the main buss as I would in a more conventional design. Access to p ower >>> upstream of the ACM is limited to the master solenoid location mentione d or >>> at the input power connection to the ACM itself. >>> >>> Any advice is greatly appreciated. Thanks! >>> >>> Lyn Robertson >>> Corvallis, OR >>> >> ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Sebastien <cluros(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
What is the disadvantage to having separate loads on the same fuse? I have many instrument loads sharing fuses. On Thu, Feb 27, 2020, 09:05 user9253 wrote: > > I suggest buying a fuse block that holds 15 or 20 fuses. A builder once > said > to install a fuse block that holds twice as many fuses as you anticipate > needing, because you will need them. Every single load, no matter how > small, should have its own unique fuse. > Then replace the fuse-links with 30 amp fuses. Doing that will simplify > the > wiring. Looking at Z-20, I suspect the intent was two different wire > sizes, with > one a typo. If a 30 amp fuse is used instead of a fuse-link, then I would > use 22 > AWG for all wires in the field circuit. 22 AWG is good for 7 amps. It > takes 40 > amps to melt 22 wire. > Charlie, the alternator B lead is separate and not shown on the diagram. > > -------- > Joe Gores > > > Read this topic online here: > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495012#495012 > > ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 27, 2020
From: argoldman(at)aol.com
Subject: Re: Connecting small wire to large terminal
Easier than that is just to strip a longer amount and fold the wire on itse lf to get the proper thickness and crimp. Be aware that the wire, as it emerges out of the crimp will probably be sma ller than the insulation crimp will appropriately protect so use some heat shrink or other protective mechanism to prevent separation of this importan t wire. Rich -----Original Message----- From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com> Sent: Thu, Feb 27, 2020 8:28 am Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List: Connecting small wire to large terminal Quickest is to fill the extra space with extra strands from larger wire. Sent from BlueMail On Feb 27, 2020, at 1:06 AM, Lyn Robertson wrote: I am building an RV14A and plan to install dual P-mags. In the drawings, po wer for the P-mags is shown as coming directly from the switched side of th e master solenoid.=C2- The problem is that the supply wire is 20 gauge an d the solenoid terminal is a 5/16=9D stud. I have been unable to find a ring terminal connector that will fit both the wire and the solenoid ter minal.=C2- Currently, the only thing on the master solenoid terminal is a 1/2=9Dx0.060 solid copper buss bar about 4=9D long that connec ts to the starter solenoid.=C2- This easiest solution seems to be to drill a hole in the buss bar and conne ct the P-mag lead to it with #6 hardware.=C2- Does anyone see any problem =C2-with this?=C2- I guess I should mention that I am using the Advance d Control Module (ACM) with electronic circuit breakers from Advanced Fligh t Systems for power distribution and, as a result, don=99t have direc t access to the main buss as I would in a more conventional design.=C2- A ccess to power upstream of the ACM is limited to the master solenoid locati on mentioned or at the input power connection to the ACM itself.=C2- Any advice is greatly appreciated. Thanks! Lyn RobertsonCorvallis, OR ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
Oops, danger of working from a phone screen=2E=2E=2E =81=A3Sent from Bl ueMail =8B On Feb 27, 2020, 12:04 PM, at 12:04 PM, user9253 wrote: fransew@gmail=2Ecom> > >I suggest buying a fuse block that holds 15 or 20 f uses=2E A builder >once said >to install a fuse block that holds twice as many fuses as you >anticipate >needing, because you will need them=2E Ev ery single load, no matter how >small, should have its own unique fuse=2E >Then replace the fuse-links with 30 amp fuses=2E Doing that will >simplif y the >wiring=2E Looking at Z-20, I suspect the intent was two different wire >sizes, with >one a typo=2E If a 30 amp fuse is used instead of a fu se-link, then I >would use 22 >AWG for all wires in the field circuit=2E 22 AWG is good for 7 amps=2E It >takes 40 >amps to melt 22 wire=2E >Charl ie, the alternator B lead is separate and not shown on the >diagram=2E > >- ------- >Joe Gores > > >Read this topic online here: > >http://forums =2Ematronics=2Ecom/viewtopic=2Ephp?p=495012#495012 > > ======= his Month -- = November is the Annual List Fund Raiser=2E Click on tribution link below to find out more about ree Incentive Gifts provided ntribution Web Site: ibution -Matt Dralle, List Admin=2E ======= m - any List utilities such as List Un/Subscription, wnload, 7-Day Browse, Chat, FAQ, > ============ B FORUMS - ==== some info to the Matronics Email List Wiki! onics=2Ecom ============== tribution Web Site - -Matt Dralle, List Admin=2E www=2Ematronics=2Ecom/contribution ====================== ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 27, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: New role for the E-Bus?
>As I said in the reply to Bob, most of the loads in the drawing are >'artifacts' of copy/paste operations from a basic AEC drawing to my >Paint program. The only items of significance for our discussion at >the moment are the two alternators and the way they connect to the >system, vs connecting both to the main bus as shown in other AEC drawings. > >I'll ponder the bus tie issue. The reason it's there is a convenient >way to get alternator/battery to the main bus if there's a failure >in the master control path causing the master contactor to open. Is there anyone on this list who has experienced battery contactor failure in flight? I've had two or three crap but all manifested during engine cranking. Even if you did drop the contactor, the alternator will continue to supply power to the bus . . . you wouldn't know it was bad until on the ground . . . probably at engine shut down when electro-whizzies go dark with the battery switch still on. Just found your drawing . . . my bad. Was down with the crud last weekend, got behind in my conversations then we had a REALLY busy day on the EMS crews yesterday . . . finally had time this morning to sit at the keyboard and ponder a drawing that was inspired by this thread and has roots in the old Z8/20. Here is the work in progress: https://tinyurl.com/wvmc68v Only 2 switches. Airplane flies with either switch in the full up position. No combination of switch positions is potentially hazardous. Switches side-by-side . . . easy full shut down with one motion. All normal and abnormal operating modes are pre-flight testable. Two engine driven power sources, both capable of delivering power to both buses depending on switch positions . . . No always-hot b-leads while parked . . . Let's massage this a bit . . . perhaps it should become the more practical successor to Z13/20 Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 27, 2020
From: Charles Kuss <chaskuss(at)yahoo.com>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
The downside is if one instrument's electrical circuit shorts out and blows the fuse you lose more than one instrument or one device. Modern ATO style fuses are cheap and light so why not put everything on its own fuse? Charlie Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android On Thu, Feb 27, 2020 at 1:06 PM, Charlie England wrote: Oops, danger of working from a phone screen... Sent from BlueMail On Feb 27, 2020, at 12:04 PM, user9253 wrote: I suggest buying a fuse block that holds 15 or 20 fuses. A builder once said to install a fuse block that holds twice as many fuses as you anticipate needing, because you will need them. Every single load, no matter how small, should have its own unique fuse. Then replace the fuse-links with 30 amp fuses. Doing that will simplify the wiring. Looking at Z-20, I suspect the intent was two different wire sizes, with one a typo. If a 30 amp fuse is used instead of a fuse-link, then I would use 22 AWG for all wires in the field circuit. 22 AWG is good for 7 amps. It takes 40 amps to melt 22 wire. Charlie, the alternator B lead is separate and not shown on the diagram. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=4ww.matronics.com/Navigator?AeroElectric-List">http://www.matronics.> http://www.matronics.com/contribution ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 27, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Connecting small wire to large terminal
At 08:28 AM 2/27/2020, you wrote: >Quickest is to fill the extra space with extra strands from larger wire. > > >Sent from <http://www.bluemail.me/r?b=15726>BlueMail >On Feb 27, 2020, at 1:06 AM, Lyn Robertson ><lyn.robertson(at)gmail.com> wrote: >I am building an RV14A and plan to install dual >P-mags. In the drawings, power for the P-mags is >shown as coming directly from the switched side >of the master solenoid. The problem is that the >supply wire is 20 gauge and the solenoid >terminal is a 5/16=9D stud. I have been unable >to find a ring terminal connector that will fit >both the wire and the solenoid terminal. Shoot me a mailing address and I'll send you some . . . Emacs! Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 27, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
At 11:25 AM 2/27/2020, you wrote: >What is the disadvantage to having separate loads on the same fuse? >I have many instrument loads sharing fuses. A failure in one takes down all . . . Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Sebastien <cluros(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
So for low failure, low consequence items no need for a separate fuse for each item? I don't mind losing my headset power and intercom at the same time. Or my nav and landing lights. Certainly not enough to find a place to add a third fuse holder. I guess it would be nice if I had the room though. On Thu, Feb 27, 2020, 19:14 Robert L. Nuckolls, III < nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com> wrote: > At 11:25 AM 2/27/2020, you wrote: > > What is the disadvantage to having separate loads on the same fuse? I have > many instrument loads sharing fuses. > > > A failure in one takes down all . . . > > > Bob . . . > ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 27, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
At 11:25 AM 2/27/2020, you wrote: >What is the disadvantage to having separate loads on the same fuse? >I have many instrument loads sharing fuses. A failure in one takes down all . . . Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)GMAIL.COM>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
That's right=2E One practical downside is that the fuse must be big enough for all loads running at once, and that means that all feeders protected by the fuse must be big enough that the fuse can protect any individual wire =2E =81=A3Sent from BlueMail =8B On Feb 27, 2020, 10:55 PM, at 10:55 PM, Sebastien wrote: >So for low failure, low co nsequence items no need for a separate fuse >for >each item? > >I don't min d losing my headset power and intercom at the same time=2E Or >my >nav and landing lights=2E Certainly not enough to find a place to add a >third >fus e holder=2E I guess it would be nice if I had the room though=2E > > >On Th u, Feb 27, 2020, 19:14 Robert L=2E Nuckolls, III < >nuckolls=2Ebob@aeroelec tric=2Ecom> wrote: > >> At 11:25 AM 2/27/2020, you wrote: >> >> What is the disadvantage to having separate loads on the same fuse? I >have >> many in strument loads sharing fuses=2E >> >> >> A failure in one takes down all =2E =2E =2E >> >> >> Bob =2E =2E =2E >> ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Sebastien <cluros(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 27, 2020
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
Thank you both. While we are on the topic. Most of my circuits are 22 gauge wire protected by 3A fuses. Ordered them on ebay and similar to this offering: https://www.ebay.ca/itm/50pcs-3A-Car-Fuse-Auto-Truck-SUV-Fuses-Mini-Blade-Fuse-Kits-APM-ATM-32V/283081816514?hash=item41e8fdb9c2:g:ByYAAOSwuOpbYdEl They haven't had any unexpected failures but I haven't tested them. Think I should blow 10% of the batch to see what the performance is? I have a variable power supply so I could set a certain amperage and voltage and record how long it takes to blow. How are these things tested? On Thu, Feb 27, 2020 at 8:14 PM Charlie England wrote: > That's right. > One practical downside is that the fuse must be big enough for all loads > running at once, and that means that all feeders protected by the fuse must > be big enough that the fuse can protect any individual wire. > > Sent from BlueMail <http://www.bluemail.me/r?b=15726> > On Feb 27, 2020, at 10:55 PM, Sebastien wrote: >> >> So for low failure, low consequence items no need for a separate fuse for >> each item? >> >> I don't mind losing my headset power and intercom at the same time. Or my >> nav and landing lights. Certainly not enough to find a place to add a third >> fuse holder. I guess it would be nice if I had the room though. >> >> >> On Thu, Feb 27, 2020, 19:14 Robert L. Nuckolls, III < >> nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com> wrote: >> >>> At 11:25 AM 2/27/2020, you wrote: >>> >>> What is the disadvantage to having separate loads on the same fuse? I >>> have many instrument loads sharing fuses. >>> >>> >>> A failure in one takes down all . . . >>> >>> >>> Bob . . . >>> >> ________________________________________________________________________________
From: John M Tipton <john(at)tipton.me.uk>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
Date: Feb 28, 2020
So, as long as it doesn=99t effect the flight, all good then ~ John Sent from my iPad ----x--O--x---- > On 28 Feb 2020, at 4:14 am, Robert L. Nuckolls, III <nuckolls.bob@aeroelec tric.com> wrote: > > =EF=BB At 11:25 AM 2/27/2020, you wrote: >> What is the disadvantage to having separate loads on the same fuse? I hav e many instrument loads sharing fuses. > > A failure in one takes down all . . . > > > Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 28, 2020
Ease of troubleshooting is another advantage of having each load on its own fuse. If 3 separate loads are all on one fuse and it blows, how do you know what the problem is? Fuses 3 amps and above are available that illuminate when blown, provided that a load is still connected. Van's Aircraft sells them at very reasonable prices. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495028#495028 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 28, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
At 10:34 PM 2/27/2020, you wrote: >Thank you both. While we are on the topic. Most >of my circuits are 22 gauge wire protected by 3A >fuses. Ordered them on ebay and similar to this offering:=C2 > > https://www.ebay.ca/itm/50pcs-3A-Car-Fuse-Auto-Truck-SUV-Fuses-Mini-Blade-Fu se-Kits-APM-ATM-32V/283081816514?hash=item41e8fdb9c2:g:ByYAAOSwuOpbYdEl=C2 > > >They haven't had any unexpected failures but I >haven't tested them. Think I should blow 10% of >the batch to see what the performance is? I have >a variable power supply so I could set a certain >amperage and voltage and record how long it >takes to blow. How are these things tested?=C2 They are not what you would call a 'calibrated' device. If you look up the engineering data you'll find that that a fuse has a rather wide range of operating currents based on a combination of ambient temperatures, manufacturing variables and current profiles of the protected load. What you propose would be an interesting experiment but probably not very enlightening. Fuse performance curves are developed from a huge data set acquired with laboratory grade equipment. A fuse is selected to protect wire . . . not the device on the far end. For example, we had a builder here on the list about 20 years ago who made a really good buy on a spool of 20AWG Tefzel wire at a garage sale. He asked if it was okay to wire the whole airplane with the stuff including circuits that called for 22AWG. Of course. Further, as feeders, those wires can be 'protected' at any level from 7A on down . . . even 10A would not be a big concern. Putting a 10A fuse on a 20AWG wire to feed your gear down indicator lights (1/2A load) might be 'overkill' . . . but in no way would it represent increased risk for an electrically initiated wire-fire. In some cases there is justification for protecting feeders at current far more robust than the anticipated, steady state loads. Consider a 55w landing light load that draws 4.3A when illuminated . . . and has an inrush current on the order of 25 amps. One might be inclined to protect a 20AWG feeder at 7A. But fuses MELT when overloaded. Further, if you hit them with a series of transient 'overloads', a succession of short excursions into 'softening temperatures' will ADD UP to ultimately reduce the devices previously calibrated trip point. I would protect a 55W landing light with at least a 10A fuse. I'd ignore the 3A fuses and protect your 22AWG feeders with 5A . . . or even 7A fuses if the load normally runs at say, 4A. Fuses are MUCH faster than circuit breakers. You want their presence as defenders of the wire for gross overload (read: shorts). Seeking to apply the smallest practical fuse rating based on the devices being powered is fraught with far more risk for nuisance trips than risk of setting your airplane on fire. If anything, you want a fuse to be rated at 2x or more than load current. Which brings up another point about using fuses . . . if you find that one of your protected loads suffers the occasional nuisance trip . . . go ahead and upsize the fuse to the next level. You don't need to upsize the wire. Had a case like this on my minivan a couple years ago. Had some shorted turns in the compressor clutch on the A/C. Normal operating current rose from about 5A to 6+. The stock 7A fuse would run for a week then blow. The AC still worked fine. I upsized to 10A and ran that failing compressor another year before the increased temperatures in the clutch coil produced total failure. Had the thing replaced and went back to the 7A stock fuse . . . no big deal. In flight fires and severe smoke are many times more likely to be based on a fuel or oil leak . . . not from mis-behaving electrons. I wouldn't loose any sleep over fuses. When in doubt, bigger is almost always better than smaller. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Krea Ellis <krea.ellis(at)gmail.com>
Subject: SDS Modified relay box
Date: Feb 28, 2020
Still unable to post, so if someone on this list can post for me - I would appreciate it. Ross Farnham at SDS gave his OK for me to write about this. Those of us with 6 cylinder engines, dual alternators, batteries and main busses (Aeroelectric Z-14) using SDS dual ECUs have been struggling (at least I have been) with a reasonable method of providing dual power paths the fuel injectors. It is easy to independently power the ECUs, the coil packs and the fuel pumps. I previously suggested to Ross and Barry at SDS that an arrangement similar to the relay box already supplied and required for the dual ECU 6 cylinder system - would be a good starting point to provide a dual power path. This discussion has led to a slightly modified relay box with an additional daughter board and no new moving parts. This new (modified) really box will provide singe switch control of both the injector trigger (ground) path from the ECUs, as well as allowing a builder to provide two power paths for the injectors. If I understand correctly, in the NORMAL position - the relay box is unpowered and the signals for the injectors pass through with the PRI ECU controlling 1,2 & 3 injector and B/U ECU controlling 4,5 & 6. The modification passes power to the injectors the same way. When the switch (which will now have to be a DPDT switch) is placed in the PRI position, all injector power comes from the #1 bus and all triggers from the PRI ECU. Conversely, when in the B/U position, all power is from #2 and all triggers from B/U ECU. So, no diodes, no additional relays beyond those already required for SDS and all signals with the addition of power pass though the unpowered relay box passively when all components are working normally. If you want your relay box modified, reach out to Ross or Barry at SDS. Im pretty excited about this development as it meets all of my original design goals for my SDS equipped RV-10. Krea Ellis ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Sebastien <cluros(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 28, 2020
Subject: Re: WTB junker 2" instrument
Hello Bob, The aircraft was in a taxiing incident and the insurance bought the wreck so no gauge. My apologies. On Sun, Jan 26, 2020 at 5:25 AM Robert L. Nuckolls, III < nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com> wrote: > At 03:50 PM 1/25/2020, you wrote: > > I think my ammeter died the other day and I think it's 2 inches. Rather > than replacing it I was just going to remove it completely from the system. > > I'm planning on troubleshooting it next week, I'll let you know. > > > Thank you sir! > > > Bob . . . > ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Feb 28, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Revisiting a REALLY handy tool . . .
I think I may have talked about this thingy some years ago and showed a picture of it. It seems the thingy in the photo is not to be found having crawled into the darkest corner of some toolbox. Needed one for a client project this afternoon. I built a new one and thought it might be good to share the rest of the story with the List: When assembling two or more wires with a solder-sleeve splice, it's at least a three if not four handed job. There are a number of soldering-aids for the workbench that will do the trick . . .but if you're 'in the field' under the hood or behind an instrument panel, the legacy bench-top Third Hands don't cut it. This photo array describes fabrication of a sort of miniature third-hand. It took only a few minutes to make and contributed greatly to the success of my endeavors. https://tinyurl.com/rjsjghg If this one gets stored at the front of the toolbox perhaps I can find it next time . . . Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Revisiting a REALLY handy tool . . .
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Feb 28, 2020
I like=2E Would it be even more flexible (pardon the pun) if we soldered a 1-2" piece of solid #12 wire between the clips? =81=A3Sent from BlueMai l =8B On Feb 28, 2020, 4:31 PM, at 4:31 PM, "Robert L=2E Nuckolls, I II" wrote: >--> AeroElectric-List messa ge posted by: "Robert L=2E Nuckolls, III" > > >I think I may have talked about this thingy some >years ago and show ed a picture of it=2E It seems the >thingy in the photo is not to be found having >crawled into the darkest corner of some toolbox=2E > >Needed one fo r a client project this afternoon=2E >I built a new one and thought it migh t be good >to share the rest of the story with the List: > >When assembling two or more wires with a solder-sleeve >splice, it's at least a three if n ot four handed >job=2E There are a number of soldering-aids for the >workbe nch that will do the trick =2E =2E =2Ebut if you're >'in the field' under t he hood or behind an instrument >panel, the legacy bench-top Third Hands do n't >cut it=2E > >This photo array describes fabrication of a sort >of mini ature third-hand=2E It took only a few >minutes to make and contributed gre atly to the >success of my endeavors=2E > >https://tinyurl=2Ecom/rjsjghg > >If this one gets stored at the front of the >toolbox perhaps I can find it next time =2E =2E =2E > > > Bob =2E =2E =2E > === er is the Annual List Fund Raiser=2E Click on nk below to find out more about e Gifts provided eb Site: -Matt Dralle, List Admin=2E === se the Matronics List Features Navigator to browse lities such as List Un/Subscription, y Browse, Chat, FAQ, --> http://www=2Ematronics=2Ecom/Navigator?AeroElectric-List ======== > --> http://forums=2Ematronics=2Ecom the Matronics Email List Wiki! b Site - -Matt Dralle, List Admin=2E ics=2Ecom/contribution ================== ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 03, 2020
From: Matt Dralle <dralle(at)matronics.com>
Subject: Test; List Server Issues...
The Matronics Email List Server was having some issues and not accepting incoming posts for a couple of days. I think I have it resolved now. Sorry for the hassle. Matt Dralle Matt G Dralle | Matronics | 581 Jeannie Way | Livermore | CA | 94550 925-606-1001 V | 925-606-6281 F | dralle(at)matronics.com Email http://www.matronics.com/ WWW | Featuring Products For Aircraft ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Pat Little <roughleg(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 03, 2020
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
On Thu, Feb 27, 2020 at 10:05 AM user9253 wrote: > > I suggest buying a fuse block that holds 15 or 20 fuses. A builder once > said > to install a fuse block that holds twice as many fuses as you anticipate > needing, because you will need them. Every single load, no matter how > small, should have its own unique fuse. > Then replace the fuse-links with 30 amp fuses. Doing that will simplify > the > wiring. Looking at Z-20, I suspect the intent was two different wire > sizes, with > one a typo. If a 30 amp fuse is used instead of a fuse-link, then I would > use 22 > AWG for all wires in the field circuit. 22 AWG is good for 7 amps. It > takes 40 > amps to melt 22 wire. > Charlie, the alternator B lead is separate and not shown on the diagram. > > -------- > Joe Gores > I like the simplification of using fuses instead of fuselinks (my design has 22 fuses so far, another two won't be a problem). And I can appreciate that if an OV occurs, and the CB trips, the fuse needs to be big enough to not also blow and deny the pilot the chance to re-engage the breaker and see if the OV condition repeats itself or not. But why 30A? That seems very large as compared to a 5A CB. And a separate thought - if the fuse is significantly bigger, and its sole purpose is to protect the wire between the bus and the CB (am I interpreting this correctly?), then that segment of wire would need to be a lot bigger for the fuse to actually protect it. AC 43.13-1B says a 30A fuse is needed to protect a 10AWG wire - is this a valid reason for having differing wire sizes in different parts of the circuit? Pat ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)GMail.com>
Date: Mar 03, 2020
On 3/3/2020 7:55 PM, Pat Little wrote: > On Thu, Feb 27, 2020 at 10:05 AM user9253 > wrote: > > > > > I suggest buying a fuse block that holds 15 or 20 fuses. A > builder once said > to install a fuse block that holds twice as many fuses as you > anticipate > needing, because you will need them. Every single load, no matter how > small, should have its own unique fuse. > Then replace the fuse-links with 30 amp fuses. Doing that will > simplify the > wiring. Looking at Z-20, I suspect the intent was two different > wire sizes, with > one a typo. If a 30 amp fuse is used instead of a fuse-link, then > I would use 22 > AWG for all wires in the field circuit. 22 AWG is good for 7 > amps. It takes 40 > amps to melt 22 wire. > Charlie, the alternator B lead is separate and not shown on the > diagram. > > -------- > Joe Gores > > > I like the simplification of using fuses instead of fuselinks (my > design has 22 fuses so far, another two won't be a problem). And I can > appreciate that if an OV occurs, and the CB trips, the fuse needs to > be big enough to not also blow and deny the pilot the chance to > re-engage the breaker and see if the OV condition repeats itself or not. > > But why 30A? That seems very large as compared to a 5A CB. > > And a separate thought - if the fuse is significantly bigger, and its > sole purpose is to protect the wire between the bus and the CB (am I > interpreting this correctly?), then that segment of wire would need to > be a lot bigger for the fuse to actually protect it. AC 43.13-1B says > a 30A fuse is needed to protect a 10AWG wire - is this a valid reason > for having differing wire sizes in different parts of the circuit? > > Pat My take is a bit different. I really like fusible links for wires that have near zero risk of failure, short (pardon the pun) of a catastrophic fault. A bit of extra work, once. Then it's more compact (it's just part of the wire run, instead of needing another fuse slot), and no risk whatsoever of extra joints, fatigue failure of the link inside an actual fuse, etc. Not saying either approach is 'right'; I just prefer mine. Charlie -- This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. https://www.avast.com/antivirus ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 03, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
> >I like the simplification of using fuses instead >of fuselinks (my design has 22 fuses so far, >another two won't be a problem). And I can >appreciate that if an OV occurs, and the CB >trips, the fuse needs to be big enough to not >also blow and deny the pilot the chance to >re-engage the breaker and see if the OV condition repeats itself or not. > >But why 30A? That seems very large as compared to a 5A CB.=C2 The I(square)t operating constant for fuses and breakers of the same RATING are wildly different. Further, the ATC30 fuse is not designed to be used as a LIMITER. Hence, what seems to be overkill is really rather rational. I've crowbared some 5A breakers that would trip an upstream ATC20 fuse. >And a separate thought - if the fuse is >significantly bigger, and its sole purpose is to >protect the wire between the bus and the CB (am >I interpreting this correctly?), then that >segment of wire would need to be a lot bigger >for the fuse to actually protect it. AC 43.13-1B >says a 30A fuse is needed to protect a 10AWG >wire - is this a valid reason for having >differing wire sizes in different parts of the circuit? No, we're emulating a LIMITER . . . i.e. mitigation of a hard fault on the order of hundreds of amps. Same thing that a fusible link does. Just as a 22AWG wire has been DEMONSTRATED to carry 20A continuously without damage, so too will the 14AWG wire gamely step up to continuous loads of 40A or more. However, the thing we're holding at bay is the hard fault that would open the 30A fuse even if the protected feeder were a 22AWG wire. In this case our EXPECTED hard fault is the triggering of a crowbar SCR which generates a predictable fault current in excess of 100A. AC43-13 is a compilation of rules-of-thumb; it's not a properties of materials nor engineering text. It doesn't apply here. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 03, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
> >I like the simplification of using fuses instead >of fuselinks (my design has 22 fuses so far, >another two won't be a problem). And I can >appreciate that if an OV occurs, and the CB >trips, the fuse needs to be big enough to not >also blow and deny the pilot the chance to >re-engage the breaker and see if the OV condition repeats itself or not. > >But why 30A? That seems very large as compared to a 5A CB.=C2 The I(square)t operating constant for fuses and breakers of the same RATING are wildly different. Further, the ATC30 fuse is not designed to be used as a LIMITER. Hence, what seems to be overkill is really rather rational. I've crowbared some 5A breakers that would trip an upstream ATC20 fuse. >And a separate thought - if the fuse is >significantly bigger, and its sole purpose is to >protect the wire between the bus and the CB (am >I interpreting this correctly?), then that >segment of wire would need to be a lot bigger >for the fuse to actually protect it. AC 43.13-1B >says a 30A fuse is needed to protect a 10AWG >wire - is this a valid reason for having >differing wire sizes in different parts of the circuit? No, we're emulating a LIMITER . . . i.e. mitigation of a hard fault on the order of hundreds of amps. Same thing that a fusible link does. Just as a 22AWG wire has been DEMONSTRATED to carry 20A continuously without damage, so too will the 14AWG wire gamely step up to continuous loads of 40A or more. However, the thing we're holding at bay is the hard fault that would open the 30A fuse even if the protected feeder were a 22AWG wire. In this case our EXPECTED hard fault is the triggering of a crowbar SCR which generates a predictable fault current in excess of 100A. AC43-13 is a compilation of rules-of-thumb; it's not a properties of materials nor engineering text. It doesn't apply here. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Pat Little <roughleg(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 03, 2020
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
On Tue, Mar 3, 2020 at 7:47 PM Robert L. Nuckolls, III < nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com> wrote: > > I like the simplification of using fuses instead of fuselinks (my design > has 22 fuses so far, another two won't be a problem). And I can appreciat e > that if an OV occurs, and the CB trips, the fuse needs to be big enough t o > not also blow and deny the pilot the chance to re-engage the breaker and > see if the OV condition repeats itself or not. > > But why 30A? That seems very large as compared to a 5A CB.=C3=82 > > > The I(square)t operating constant for fuses > and breakers of the same RATING are wildly > different. Further, the ATC30 fuse is not > designed to be used as a LIMITER. Hence, > what seems to be overkill is really rather > rational. I've crowbared some 5A breakers that > would trip an upstream ATC20 fuse. > > > And a separate thought - if the fuse is significantly bigger, and its sol e > purpose is to protect the wire between the bus and the CB (am I > interpreting this correctly?), then that segment of wire would need to be a > lot bigger for the fuse to actually protect it. AC 43.13-1B says a 30A fu se > is needed to protect a 10AWG wire - is this a valid reason for having > differing wire sizes in different parts of the circuit? > > > No, we're emulating a LIMITER . . . i.e. mitigation > of a hard fault on the order of hundreds of amps. > Same thing that a fusible link does. Just as > a 22AWG wire has been DEMONSTRATED to carry > 20A continuously without damage, so too will > the 14AWG wire gamely step up to continuous > loads of 40A or more. > > However, the thing we're holding at bay is > the hard fault that would open the 30A > fuse even if the protected feeder were > a 22AWG wire. In this case our EXPECTED > hard fault is the triggering of a crowbar > SCR which generates a predictable > fault current in excess of 100A. > > AC43-13 is a compilation of rules-of-thumb; > it's not a properties of materials nor > engineering text. It doesn't apply here. > > > Bob . . . > Thanks for the comments. I have revised my drawing - now it looks a lot more like Z-12 preliminary rev NP1 [image: alternator circuits revised.png] Pat ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Paul Zimmer <paul.zimmer00(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 03, 2020
Subject: Battery discharge during normal cruise
Sorry for the following cut and paste of a previous thread. However after being unable to respond with my follow up post due some unspecified error on the matronics server, (which I thought was something I was doing wrong), I have still been unable to add my follow up to the thread. Hopefully by sending a new email, my follow up will get through. Paul said: I use and monitor two Hall effect current sensors on my RV. One measures the current flow on the "B" lead from the main alternator, and the other measures the current flow to/from the main battery. What doesn't make sense to me is there are periodic and frequent current flows to/from the battery (1 to 5 amps) during normal cruise operations, this during periods of static and relatively light load (12-15 amps) on the electrical system, much smaller than the capacity of the 60A Plane Power alternator. I would expect all power to be supplied directly from the alternator as it is supplying the current at a higher voltage (~14.5v or so) than the battery. These periods of flow to/from the battery are short in duration normally lasting only a few seconds. Is this normal and to be expected, or does it suggest a problem with the internally regulated alternator, or perhaps with the current sensor itself? Any insight explaining what I am seeing will be appreciated. Thanks Bob said: These periods of flow to/from the battery are short in duration normally lasting only a few seconds. Is this normal and to be expected, or does it suggest a problem with the internally regulated alternator, or perhaps with the current sensor itself? Any insight explaining what I am seeing will be appreciated. The battery's physics reacts to BUS VOLTAGE. Any period battery energy outflow MUST be paired with a drop in bus voltage to something below the battery's present open-circuit voltage. The voltage doesn't have to drop to the battery's natural delivery level (~12.5 volts for SVLA) . . . a battery across an operating bus will support small outflow currents at voltages higher than 12.5. What is your normal bus voltage and do you notice any depression of voltage that corresponds to battery outflow events? Paul said: Bob . . . I can=99t say that I=99ve noticed a bus voltage drop during the se times of battery outflow, but before I say one way or the other, I=99ll need t o pay a little closer attention, and perhaps record the engine monitor parameters during a flight which would allow for an after the fact thorough analysis of what actually went on. I=99ll circle back at a later date. Thank s Paul said: Follow up. I flew for about 30 minutes, during which I recorded the data collected and reported by my GRT EFIS. The sampling rate is about once per second. I converted the data to an EXCEL spreadsheet, and the following are the results. During normal cruise (following start and battery recharge after start), the bus voltage varied from ~13.7 to ~14.0V. The current flow to/from the battery varied both in and out up to a max of 9 amps out all the while battery voltage remains steady at ~13.9V. During these times of battery discharge, load was static (which is to say the load was not deliberately changed). I have a spreadsheet with the data from this flight that was generated from the EFIS, which I don't think I'm able to attach to this Email. Thanks ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 04, 2020
I would not use 12 AWG because it is too big and hard to work with. It might even damage components that are not designed for large wire. I would rather use a fuselink, like Charlie said, than use #12 wire. Electrical circuits require two types of protection, short circuit and overload. A short circuit occurs when two conductors touch each other. The current will be very high. An overload occurs when the load draws more current than it was designed for. Fuses protect against short circuits. Circuit breakers protect against overloads. Although sometimes only one type (fuse or breaker) is used to protect a circuit against both types of faults. In the case of the alternator over-voltage module shorting to ground, we are dealing with a short circuit. We want the circuit breaker to trip, but not the fuse to blow. I would have suggested using a 35 or 40 amp fuse if it would fit into the fuse block, but it won't. Normally we choose the fuse sized based on the wire size. But in this case, we are not dealing with a continuous load. We are dealing with a short circuit that only lasts a few seconds at most. It takes time for a wire to heat up. The circuit breaker will trip before that happens. Using smaller wire will add resistance to the circuit, thus helping to limit the maximum current and helping to prevent the fuse from blowing before the circuit breaker trips. Using 12 AWG wire in this situation is actually counter productive because the current could be high enough to both blow the fuse and trip the breaker. Search the internet for fusing current of wire. It will take over 40 amps continuous to melt 22 AWG wire. In the time that it takes a 5 amp breaker to trip, #22 will not even get warm. If 22 AWG wire, between the fuse and breaker, shorts to ground, the fuse will blow and the wire will not be damaged. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495144#495144 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Battery discharge during normal cruise
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 04, 2020
It sounds like a bad connection in the alternator field circuit. Suggest that you monitor the field voltage right at the alternator. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495145#495145 ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Bob Verwey <bob.verwey(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 04, 2020
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
Excellent and succinct, thanks Joe! Best... Bob Verwey 082 331 2727 On Wed, 4 Mar 2020 at 16:42, user9253 wrote: > > I would not use 12 AWG because it is too big and hard to work with. It > might even damage components that are not designed for large wire. > I would rather use a fuselink, like Charlie said, than use #12 wire. > Electrical circuits require two types of protection, short circuit and > overload. A short circuit occurs when two conductors touch each other. > The current will be very high. An overload occurs when the load draws > more current than it was designed for. Fuses protect against short > circuits. > Circuit breakers protect against overloads. Although sometimes only one > type (fuse or breaker) is used to protect a circuit against both types of > faults. > In the case of the alternator over-voltage module shorting to ground, we > are dealing with a short circuit. We want the circuit breaker to trip, > but not > the fuse to blow. I would have suggested using a 35 or 40 amp fuse if it > would fit into the fuse block, but it won't. Normally we choose the fuse > sized based on the wire size. But in this case, we are not dealing with a > continuous load. We are dealing with a short circuit that only lasts a > few > seconds at most. It takes time for a wire to heat up. The circuit > breaker > will trip before that happens. Using smaller wire will add resistance to > the > circuit, thus helping to limit the maximum current and helping to prevent > the > fuse from blowing before the circuit breaker trips. Using 12 AWG wire in > this > situation is actually counter productive because the current could be high > enough to both blow the fuse and trip the breaker. > Search the internet for fusing current of wire. It will take over 40 > amps > continuous to melt 22 AWG wire. In the time that it takes a 5 amp breaker > to trip, #22 will not even get warm. If 22 AWG wire, between the fuse and > breaker, shorts to ground, the fuse will blow and the wire will not be > damaged. > > -------- > Joe Gores > > > Read this topic online here: > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495144#495144 > > ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 04, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Battery discharge during normal cruise
>What doesn't make sense to me is there are >periodic and frequent current flows to/from the >battery (1 to 5 amps) during normal cruise >operations, this during periods of static and >relatively light load (12-15 amps) on the >electrical system, much smaller than the >capacity of the 60A Plane Power alternator. =C2 =C2 >I would expect all power to be supplied directly >from the alternator as it is supplying the >current at a higher voltage (~14.5v or so) than >the battery.=C2 These periods of flow to/from the >battery are short in duration normally lasting only a few seconds. > >Is this normal and to be expected, or does it >suggest a problem with the internally regulated >alternator, or perhaps with the current sensor itself? It's not 'normal' but it might not be significant. Current flows into and out of the battery are manifestations of and exchange of energy into or out of the battery. The battery's physics tells us that significant energy flows out of the battery at sustained voltages well below the normal bus voltage . . . some value below 13 volts. Since you're not reporting a commensurate drop in bus voltage associated with these transients, I am inclined to consider an anomaly in the data gathering/interpretation/display for battery current. Has this always existed with this configuration? Given the absence of corroborating data I think I'd just wait and see what happens. In any case, I don't see a cause for concern. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Battery discharge during normal cruise
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 04, 2020
On 3/4/2020 9:23 AM, Robert L. Nuckolls, III wrote: >> What doesn't make sense to me is there are periodic and frequent >> current flows to/from the battery (1 to 5 amps) during normal cruise >> operations, this during periods of static and relatively light load >> (12-15 amps) on the electrical system, much smaller than the capacity >> of the 60A Plane Power alternator. I would expect all power to >> be supplied directly from the alternator as it is supplying the >> current at a higher voltage (~14.5v or so) than the battery. These >> periods of flow to/from the battery are short in duration normally >> lasting only a few seconds. >> >> Is this normal and to be expected, or does it suggest a problem with >> the internally regulated alternator, or perhaps with the current >> sensor itself? > > It's not 'normal' but it might not be > significant. Current flows into and out > of the battery are manifestations of > and exchange of energy into or out of > the battery. > > The battery's physics tells us that significant > energy flows out of the battery at sustained > voltages well below the normal bus voltage . . . > some value below 13 volts. > > Since you're not reporting a commensurate > drop in bus voltage associated with these transients, > _*I am inclined to consider an anomaly in the*__* > *__* data gathering/interpretation/display for*__* > *__* battery current*_. > > Has this always existed with this configuration? > Given the absence of corroborating data I > think I'd just wait and see what happens. In > any case, I don't see a cause for concern. > > Bob . . . > Bolded segment above reminded me of this: My Dynon EMS D10 frequently and randomly shows a variable, up to 9A, discharge (negative current) with stable voltage. I discovered that the current shunt has a couple of inline fuse holders for glass fuses, and wiggling the fuse holders will make the negative readings go away. Obvious takeaway is that excess resistance in the sense lines confuses the current measurement, quite badly. Charlie -- This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. https://www.avast.com/antivirus ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: ATT Email Errors
From: "danderson1" <dacidandersion(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 05, 2020
Are you using Att email (http://www.email-customer-care.com/att-support) for sending and receiving mail and other important files? If yes then you are using the best email because Att email is secure paid email as compared with other emails. Like other emails, Att has several important and attractive features that you can get from our At&t email website. We are here for the ATT Mail (http://www.email-customer-care.com/att-support) problems and there are several types of errors we get with ATT email like At&t Email Not Working On My Devices, At&t net email problem, Unable to sign in, and Unable to recover AT&T email (http://www.email-customer-care.com/att-support) account. If you are facing any of these errors with your Att email account that contacts us for help. And visit the given website for more information. Read more: http://www.email-customer-care.com/att-support -------- http://www.microsoftoutlookoffice365.com/ Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495162#495162 ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Paul Zimmer <paul.zimmer00(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 05, 2020
Subject: Re: Battery discharge during normal cruise
Charlie, I too am beginning to suspect the sensor wiring is the likely source of the reported current flow. While my sensors do not employ inline fuses, I chose to use a molex connector forward of the firewall for a number of engine parameter data leads that feed the EIS, including my two current sensors. A less than optimal mating of the pins at this connector could introduce a resistance variation error you describe. Additionally, there is another point in the data line circuit where excitation voltage required by the sensor is introduced, which could also be suspect. I will pursue investigation of both, and update the thread with my findings. Thanks Paul On Wed, Mar 4, 2020 at 11:46 AM Charlie England wrote: > On 3/4/2020 9:23 AM, Robert L. Nuckolls, III wrote: > > What doesn't make sense to me is there are periodic and frequent current > flows to/from the battery (1 to 5 amps) during normal cruise operations, > this during periods of static and relatively light load (12-15 amps) on t he > electrical system, much smaller than the capacity of the 60A Plane Power > alternator. =C3=82 =C3=82 I would expect all power to be supplied direct ly from the > alternator as it is supplying the current at a higher voltage (~14.5v or > so) than the battery.=C3=82 These periods of flow to/from the battery ar e short > in duration normally lasting only a few seconds. > > Is this normal and to be expected, or does it suggest a problem with the > internally regulated alternator, or perhaps with the current sensor itsel f? > > > It's not 'normal' but it might not be > significant. Current flows into and out > of the battery are manifestations of > and exchange of energy into or out of > the battery. > > The battery's physics tells us that significant > energy flows out of the battery at sustained > voltages well below the normal bus voltage . . . > some value below 13 volts. > > Since you're not reporting a commensurate > drop in bus voltage associated with these transients, > * I am inclined to consider an anomaly in the* > * data gathering/interpretation/display for* > * battery current*. > > Has this always existed with this configuration? > Given the absence of corroborating data I > think I'd just wait and see what happens. In > any case, I don't see a cause for concern. > > Bob . . . > > Bolded segment above reminded me of this: > > My Dynon EMS D10 frequently and randomly shows a variable, up to 9A, > discharge (negative current) with stable voltage. I discovered that the > current shunt has a couple of inline fuse holders for glass fuses, and > wiggling the fuse holders will make the negative readings go away. Obviou s > takeaway is that excess resistance in the sense lines confuses the curren t > measurement, quite badly. > > Charlie > > > ------------------------------ > [image: Avast logo] > > This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. > www.avast.com > > <#m_8683340199851187587_DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2> > ________________________________________________________________________________
From: William Daniell <wdaniell.longport(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 05, 2020
Subject: Re: Battery discharge during normal cruise
Charlie re DYNON Interesting. My dynon skyview will run up to 60a before i get the red x over the read out. It will then return and stabilize to 7-10a depending on the load - the normal. 60a from a rotax alternator is a little optimistic so I was not too worried in flight. I installed an separate hall effect sensor and round gauge on the fat wire to the battery and this shows no relation to the Dynon read out. My conclusion is that this is something to with the Dynon shunt and system. I have hunted for the fault without success. Will William Daniell +1 786 878 0246 On Wed, Mar 4, 2020, 11:46 Charlie England wrote: > On 3/4/2020 9:23 AM, Robert L. Nuckolls, III wrote: > > What doesn't make sense to me is there are periodic and frequent current > flows to/from the battery (1 to 5 amps) during normal cruise operations, > this during periods of static and relatively light load (12-15 amps) on t he > electrical system, much smaller than the capacity of the 60A Plane Power > alternator. =C3=82 =C3=82 I would expect all power to be supplied direct ly from the > alternator as it is supplying the current at a higher voltage (~14.5v or > so) than the battery.=C3=82 These periods of flow to/from the battery ar e short > in duration normally lasting only a few seconds. > > Is this normal and to be expected, or does it suggest a problem with the > internally regulated alternator, or perhaps with the current sensor itsel f? > > > It's not 'normal' but it might not be > significant. Current flows into and out > of the battery are manifestations of > and exchange of energy into or out of > the battery. > > The battery's physics tells us that significant > energy flows out of the battery at sustained > voltages well below the normal bus voltage . . . > some value below 13 volts. > > Since you're not reporting a commensurate > drop in bus voltage associated with these transients, > * I am inclined to consider an anomaly in the* > * data gathering/interpretation/display for* > * battery current*. > > Has this always existed with this configuration? > Given the absence of corroborating data I > think I'd just wait and see what happens. In > any case, I don't see a cause for concern. > > Bob . . . > > Bolded segment above reminded me of this: > > My Dynon EMS D10 frequently and randomly shows a variable, up to 9A, > discharge (negative current) with stable voltage. I discovered that the > current shunt has a couple of inline fuse holders for glass fuses, and > wiggling the fuse holders will make the negative readings go away. Obviou s > takeaway is that excess resistance in the sense lines confuses the curren t > measurement, quite badly. > > Charlie > > > ------------------------------ > [image: Avast logo] > > This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. > www.avast.com > > > <#m_-3107690941003409083_m_1459773377312525172_DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E 2AA1F9FDF2> > ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 08, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
This particular thread germinated from a query about the selection of materials for EXTENDING a fuse-block bus up to a 5A breaker on the panel. Normal operating currents flowing in this feeder are not significant to the selection of components. The design goal is to provide hard-fault protection for a BUS EXTENSION such that an expected event that opens the 5A breaker will not open the protection at the bus. The N811HB accident had root cause in a failure to conduct the necessary evaluation of components. Here's a video demonstrating a critical comparison of fuses vs. breakers: https://tinyurl.com/r6bakrp Another video demonstrating a consequence of failure to exploit that comparison: https://tinyurl.com/s4bfb3m >Electrical circuits require two types of protection, short circuit and >overload. A short circuit occurs when two conductors touch each other. >The current will be very high. An overload occurs when the load draws >more current than it was designed for. Fuses protect against short circuits. >Circuit breakers protect against overloads. Although sometimes only one >type (fuse or breaker) is used to protect a circuit against both types of faults. >In the case of the alternator over-voltage module shorting to ground, we >are dealing with a short circuit. We want the circuit breaker to trip, but not >the fuse to blow. >I would have suggested using a 35 or 40 amp fuse if it would fit into the fuse block, but it won't. But a 30A will fit and has been tested for the application described in the drawing. By the way, you CAN buy ATC/ATO 40 fuses. I just discovered this a few days ago. I think I'll upsize the recommended feeder extension fuse to 40A. https://tinyurl.com/tqg7bqb >Normally we choose the fuse sized based on the wire size. This is an over-simplification. The vulnerable feature of any wire is generally not the wire itself but its insulation. Looking through the wire catalogs we find a constellation of products with a range of TEMPERATURE ratings combined with other qualities like abrasion resistance, flexibility, chemical resistance, fire ratings, etc. etc. The continuous operation design load for a wire is based on temperature rise in wire due to loading, hotest ambient expected and the rating for that wire's INSULATION. Of course, there is the secondary but rare consideration for voltage drop. Selecting protection for any feeder is an engineering study to meet design goals. Yeah, AC43-13 and similar documents offer conservative guidelines that address the majority of your design decisions . . . but as mentioned earlier, these are not engineering texts. Information proffered does NOT go to full understanding. >But in this case, we are not dealing with a continuous load. We are >dealing with a short circuit that only lasts a few seconds at most. Actually, tens of milliseconds >It takes time for a wire to heat up. The circuit breaker will trip >before that happens. Using smaller wire will add resistance to the circuit, >thus helping to limit the maximum current and helping to prevent the >fuse from blowing before the circuit breaker trips. Using 12 AWG wire >in this situation is actually counter productive because the current >could be high enough to both blow the fuse and trip the breaker. Not so . . . which I will explain Most of the circuit protection found in vehicular DC power systems are of the 'heating' variety. A calibrated, melting element within an enclosure makes up a fuse . . . a thing that warms up in response to a thru-current until the element melts, collapses and the circuit is broken. Similarly, a mechanical switch spring loaded to open up is held in a latched-closed condition by a mechanism that opens the latch based on temperature rise in a heating element. While all such heat-operated devices have a current 'rating', that number is but a small piece of the story. Each class of device will have a dynamic (i.e. current/time dependent) quality significant in selecting the device to do a task. I chose 14AWG in the bus-to -breaker segment so as to minimize trip time for the breaker. In typical crowbar ovm systems, the response time from trigger to trip is on the order of 10 milliseconds. But sizing this segment was as much 'seat of the gray matter' as it was a calculated selection. As mentioned above, our critical design consideration is evaluate the DIFFERENCE between the upstream and downstream protection devices. For example: You may have some appliance that is fitted with a fuse. Perhaps internally or part of the line-cord plug. Then there are breakers in your breaker-box. The transformer on the pole behind your house is fitted with a fuse in the primary supply feeder. High voltage feeders to your transformer and that of your neighbors will also be fitted with fuses. As we move toward the source in the power distribution systems, there will be protective devices. Each one carries more power as you move up the distribution chain. The fuse in your household electro-whizzy is expected to operated without opening the 15 or 20A breaker in your breaker-box. Similarly, each feeder breaker is designed to open without tripping the main breaker. The fuse on the pole outside will open without tripping anything upstream thus only you and your immediate neighbors are in the dark. So goes the design task all the way up to the turbine-driven alternators that effect the large scale, mechanical-to-electrical power conversion. For this thread, a practical perspective says that if all wires along the subject BUS EXTENSION were 20AWG, the risk for failure to perform would be essentially zero. >I would not use 12 AWG because it is too big and hard to work with. >It might even damage components that are not designed for large wire. M22759, 12AWG wire is made up of 37 strands of 28AWG wire . . . quite flexible and user friendly . . . not necessary to avoid if you really need its capabilities. >I would rather use a fuselink, like Charlie said, than use #12 wire. Fusible links were added to our toolbox in the early days of fuse-blocks. Fusible links had a ring terminal on one end . . . this could bolt down on the fuse-block's feeder terminal. A FAT ATC/ATO fuse (30+ amps) can be used to tap the bus with a fast-on terminal. For our purposes the two techniques are technically interchangeable; The fuse/fast-on being simpler to fabricate. The actual sizes for the wires is nearly insignificant . . . it's all about the characteristics of TWO protective devices IN SERIES. I picked up a handfull of ATC30 fuses and a few ATC40 fuses yesterday. I need to dig around in the test equipment to find the 300A hall-sensor I used for crowbar ovp performance studies some years ago. I'll revisit the current vs trip characteristics of a 5A mini breaker with ATC30 and ATC40 fuses. It's a quick experiment to run and document if you've got the tools . . . now . . . if you were a 300A full scale HE sensor, where would you be hinding? Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Art Zemon <art(at)zemon.name>
Date: Mar 08, 2020
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
Bob, Those are very instructive videos. Thank you for sharing them. I will be passing them on to some friends. -- Art Z. On Sun, Mar 8, 2020 at 4:40 PM Robert L. Nuckolls, III < nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com> wrote: > This particular thread germinated from a query about the selection > of materials for EXTENDING a fuse-block bus up to a 5A breaker > on the panel. Normal operating currents flowing in this feeder > are not significant to the selection of components. The design > goal is to provide hard-fault protection for a BUS EXTENSION > such that an expected event that opens the 5A breaker will > not open the protection at the bus. > > The N811HB accident had root cause in a failure to conduct the > necessary evaluation of components. Here=99s a video demonstratin g > a critical comparison of fuses vs. breakers: > > https://tinyurl.com/r6bakrp > > Another video demonstrating a consequence of failure to exploit > that comparison: > > https://tinyurl.com/s4bfb3m > > -- https://CheerfulCurmudgeon.com/ *Sooner meet a bereaved she-bear than a fool with his nonsense. *Proverbs 17:12 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 09, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
At 08:55 PM 3/8/2020, you wrote: >Bob, > >Those are very instructive videos. Thank you for sharing them. I >will be passing them on to some friends. Very good sir. That was a sad case to work. A very nice LA-IVP went down and people got hurt . . . some for life. It's a modern allegory to the "for want of a nail" proverb. But if there is potential for a valuable lesson learned, this is one of them. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: HEADSET POWER SUPPLY
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 09, 2020
A friend of mine wants to power his David Clark headsets from 14 VDC aircraft power instead of using the 9 volt battery box that came with the headset. He said that the electronics inside of the headset have been replaced, so the model number of the headset is irrelevant. My question is, can the headsets be powered directly by 14 VDC aircraft power, or should the voltage be dropped to 9 VDC and some filter capacitors added? Thanks, Joe -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495209#495209 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 09, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: HEADSET POWER SUPPLY
At 08:08 AM 3/9/2020, you wrote: > >A friend of mine wants to power his David Clark headsets from 14 VDC >aircraft power instead of using the 9 volt battery box that came with the >headset. He said that the electronics inside of the headset have been >replaced, so the model number of the headset is irrelevant. > My question is, can the headsets be powered directly by 14 VDC aircraft >power, or should the voltage be dropped to 9 VDC and some filter >capacitors added? >Thanks, Joe We cannot know if the device would run reliably on 14v. The safe thing to do is duplicate the obvious and provide a quiet 9v source. It's a low-risk experiment . . . it will either be quiet enough . . . or not. Start here: Emacs! The 3-terminal regulators are powerful noise filters in themselves. Likelihood of success is high. Make sure there is a common ground between head-set plug shells and the (-) lead to the 9v battery. There is a remote chance that the audio amplifier does not share common ground with the ship's audio grounds. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 09, 2020
From: Jeff Luckey <jluckey(at)pacbell.net>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
Bob, At what fuse rating does the breaker pop before the fuse?=C2- 30A, 40A, 5 0A... ??? Just curious... -Jeff kolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com> wrote: At 08:55 PM 3/8/2020, you wrote: Bob, Those are very instructive videos. Thank you for sharing them. I will bepas sing them on to some friends. =C2- Very good sir. That was a sad case to work. =C2- A very nice LA-IVP went down and people got =C2- hurt . . . some for life. It's a modern =C2- allegory to the "for want of a nail" proverb. =C2- But if there is potential for a valuable lesson =C2- learned, this is one of them. =C2- Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: HEADSET POWER SUPPLY
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 09, 2020
Bob, thanks for the great advice and schematic. Joe -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495212#495212 ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Art Zemon <art(at)zemon.name>
Date: Mar 09, 2020
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
Jeff, Watch the two videos and you will understand that there is no answer to your question. -- Art Z. On Mon, Mar 9, 2020 at 11:27 AM Jeff Luckey wrote: > Bob, > > At what fuse rating does the breaker pop before the fuse? 30A, 40A, > 50A... ??? > > Just curious... > > -Jeff > > nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com> wrote: > > > At 08:55 PM 3/8/2020, you wrote: > > Bob, > > Those are very instructive videos. Thank you for sharing them. I will be > passing them on to some friends. > > > Very good sir. That was a sad case to work. > A very nice LA-IVP went down and people got > hurt . . . some for life. It's a modern > allegory to the "for want of a nail" proverb. > > But if there is potential for a valuable lesson > learned, this is one of them. > > Bob . . . > -- https://CheerfulCurmudgeon.com/ *Sooner meet a bereaved she-bear than a fool with his nonsense. *Proverbs 17:12 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: HEADSET POWER SUPPLY
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 09, 2020
On 3/9/2020 10:40 AM, Robert L. Nuckolls, III wrote: > At 08:08 AM 3/9/2020, you wrote: >> >> A friend of mine wants to power his David Clark headsets from 14 VDC >> aircraft power instead of using the 9 volt battery box that came with >> the >> headset. He said that the electronics inside of the headset have been >> replaced, so the model number of the headset is irrelevant. >> My question is, can the headsets be powered directly by 14 VDC aircraft >> power, or should the voltage be dropped to 9 VDC and some filter >> capacitors added? >> Thanks, Joe > > We cannot know if the device would run reliably > on 14v. The safe thing to do is duplicate the > obvious and provide a quiet 9v source. It's > a low-risk experiment . . . it will either > be quiet enough . . . or not. Start here: > > Emacs! > > The 3-terminal regulators are powerful noise > filters in themselves. Likelihood of success > is high. > > Make sure there is a common ground between > head-set plug shells and the (-) lead to > the 9v battery. There is a remote chance > that the audio amplifier does not share > common ground with the ship's audio grounds. > > > Bob . . . > FWIW, I've had excellent luck using LM78xx fixed voltage regulators with no external components, as voltage dropping regulators in both cars and airplanes. LM7809 would give 9V output. Wired similar to the 317, with in/GND/out. I just used an LM7805 to power a serial output GPS puck (5V power supply required), used as position source for a GRT HX EFIS. No external components, no risk of drift, etc. In extremely low current applications like mine, I could get away with no heat sink. Might be different with the Bose; I have no idea on its power consumption. Charlie -- This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. https://www.avast.com/antivirus ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 09, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
At 11:10 AM 3/9/2020, you wrote: >Bob, > >At what fuse rating does the breaker pop before the fuse? 30A, 40A, >50A... ??? > >Just curious... No hard and fast rule . . . both breakers and fuses can be had in a range of trip profiles. I've tested the ATO/ATC30 plastic fuses against the miniature breakers popular in aircraft with a goal of at least 3x head-room with a 100A crowbar event. I couldn't find my favorite 300A HE sensor but did find a 400A that will let me repeat the bench tests but I'll take a look at the ATO40 fuse also. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 09, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
At 11:10 AM 3/9/2020, you wrote: >Bob, > >At what fuse rating does the breaker pop before the fuse? 30A, 40A, >50A... ??? > >Just curious... No hard and fast rule . . . both breakers and fuses can be had in a range of trip profiles. I've tested the ATO/ATC30 plastic fuses against the miniature breakers popular in aircraft with a goal of at least 3x head-room with a 100A crowbar event. I couldn't find my favorite 300A HE sensor but did find a 400A that will let me repeat the bench tests but I'll take a look at the ATO40 fuse also. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 09, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: OV protection circuit design
At 11:10 AM 3/9/2020, you wrote: >Bob, > >At what fuse rating does the breaker pop before the fuse? 30A, 40A, >50A... ??? > >Just curious... No hard and fast rule . . . both breakers and fuses can be had in a range of trip profiles. I've tested the ATO/ATC30 plastic fuses against the miniature breakers popular in aircraft with a goal of at least 3x head-room with a 100A crowbar event. I couldn't find my favorite 300A HE sensor but did find a 400A that will let me repeat the bench tests but I'll take a look at the ATO40 fuse also. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Sebastien <cluros(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 10, 2020
Subject: Two Radios to One Intercom
Hello All, I have been searching through the list archives as I'm sure we have discussed this before but cannot find the exact answer. We currently have a single VHF radio going to an intercom and would like to add a second radio. Input to the intercom would be controlled by the volume knobs on the radios and output will be controlled by a transmit select switch which will only allow the ptt line to be triggered on one radio at a time. What is required to combine the audio output of the two radios to a single audio input on the intercom? Thank you, Sebastien ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Two Radios to One Intercom
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 10, 2020
Simplest way is a ~500 ohm resister in series with each radio's output, and tying the downstream ends together to feed the intercom radio input=2E Ch arlie =81=A3Sent from BlueMail =8B On Mar 10, 2020, 12:48 PM, at 12:48 PM, Sebastien wrote: >Hello All, > >I have been searching through the list archives as I'm sure we >have discussed this be fore but cannot find the exact answer=2E We >currently >have a single VHF r adio going to an intercom and would like to add a >second >radio=2E Input t o the intercom would be controlled by the volume knobs on >the >radios and output will be controlled by a transmit select switch which >will >only all ow the ptt line to be triggered on one radio at a time=2E > >What is requir ed to combine the audio output of the two radios to a >single >audio input on the intercom? > >Thank you, > >Sebastien ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Two Radios to One Intercom
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 10, 2020
Found this drawing someplace. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495222#495222 Attachments: http://forums.matronics.com//files/audio_combine_160.jpg ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Bill Boyd <sportav8r(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 11, 2020
Subject: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
Would appreciate if y=99all could look this Z-12 variant over - specif ically for correct implementation of two B&C regulators in automatic switch- over configuration. TJ at the factory will do the same but is presently desi gning a new B&C regulator product and might take awhile. I=99m in some what urgent mode to get my panel build underway. Advanced Flight is already a sking for design approvals to commence work for my panel. Appreciate a secon d set of eyes on this DC power scheme before things get too far along. Note: Bob has already blessed the sharing of an ampere shunt by the two alte rnators. -Bill Boyd Created with Scanner Pro Sent from my iPhone ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Pat Little <roughleg(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 11, 2020
Subject: Re: Two Radios to One Intercom
Here is an article on audio mixer circuits. The solutions presented in it involve use of an op-amp, which makes the circuit a little more complicated, but offers advantages in better gain and reduced crosstalk. https://sound-au.com/articles/audio-mixing.htm I'm building a mixer for my plane to combine "aux" input (2-channel stereo music, to be mixed to mono) and the alert tone from my EMS into the aux input of my VHF COM radio. This is 3 inputs rather than the two you are looking at, but the principle is the same. Here's the diagram from the article that I plan on using. [image: image.png] Hope this helps. Pat On Tue, Mar 10, 2020 at 1:29 PM user9253 wrote: > > Found this drawing someplace. > > -------- > Joe Gores > > > Read this topic online here: > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495222#495222 > > > Attachments: > > http://forums.matronics.com//files/audio_combine_160.jpg > > ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 11, 2020
The drawing is very difficult to read because it is hard to tell if the lines are part of the graph paper or part of the circuit. Shunts have been known to fail. One shunt is a single point of failure. Fuses cost less, weigh less, and are easier to replace than electronic circuit breakers. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495228#495228 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 11, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
At 08:15 AM 3/11/2020, you wrote: >Would appreciate if y=99all could look this Z-12 >variant over - specifically for correct >implementation of two B&C regulators in >automatic switch-over configuration. TJ at the >factory will do the same but is presently >designing a new B&C regulator product and might >take awhile. I=99m in somewhat urgent mode to >get my panel build underway. Advanced Flight is >already asking for design approvals to commence >work for my panel. Appreciate a second set of >eyes on this DC power scheme before things get too far along. > >Note: Bob has already blessed the sharing of an >ampere shunt by the two alternators. You can run two alternators through a single HALL EFFECT sensor but EACH alternator should have it's own, dedicated b-lead and appropriate protection. The single shunt configuration shown is NOT recommended. Why the auto switch-over? The aux alternator is a standby device. Probability of being needed is very low. If it becomes necessary to bring it on line, you have LOTS of time. If the low voltage warning light comes on, finish your coffee, fold the map and put it away and then start flipping the ONE switch needed to make things right with the universe. Certainly pre-flight the aux alternator but leave it off until needed for the few hours or so of continued flight to your intended destination. Standby equipment keeps a failure from becoming an emergency. Failures are rare so it behooves us to craft the simplest, lightest and least expensive resolution . . . kinda like keeping a hammer handy to back up your nail-gun. Auto switching was a feature included to keep the flying-fuzz happy for putting the aux alternator onto TC aircraft. It's a feature that adds complexity, cost of ownership and but no practical value when it comes to dealing with main alternator failure. There no value for including the 'aux altenrator loaded/overloaded' indicator. You have a means for READING alternator loads. Your low voltage warning light tells you to implement plan-b. You'll have plenty of standard instrumentation to accomplish what ever load shedding is needed to bring the bus voltage back up to battery-conservation levels. All that Gee-Whiz in the SB1 regulator was for real estate moguls flying around in A36 Bonanzas . . . well . . . don't need to go there. I strongly suggest Z12NP1 AS PUBLISHED. Eliminate the brown-out bus if you have no BO vulnerable electro-whizzies. What's with the 'ACM ECB BUS'? What the return on investment? Remember: over the century plus history of electrical systems in aircraft, TONS of circuit breakers have gone to the scrap yard never having been called upon to do their job. That's TONS of stuff that burned more fuel, took up more space, reduced aircraft payload and did little more than make the Klixon and T.I. stockholders happy. What kind of airplane? 2AWG wire is unnecessary except for LONG runs of fat-wire like on a seaplane or canard pusher. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Bill Boyd <sportav8r(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 11, 2020
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
Oh, boy. I must've missed something in our prior list server exchange on this in January. I will copy and paste that here for reference: At 11:59 AM 1/22/2020, you wrote: Thanks for the feedback, Bob.=C3=82 =C3=82 I have purchased=C3=82 and installed both the LR3C and the SB1B (I think th ose are the part #'s) external regulators from B&C.=C3=82 As you know, these c ome pre-set for 14.4 and 13.0 V respectively and (so I thought) were intended to be online simultaneously at these two voltages so that the switchover to the standby alternator was automatic and required no pilot action. Yup, this was a feature that targeted the heavy-singles market and warmed cockles in the hearts of most bureaucratic worry-specialists. IMHO, entirely unnecessary in the OBAM aviation market . . . =C3=82 Presumably the immediate drop in bus voltage from 14.4 to 13 would be sensed and alerted in the EFIS software. The SB1B comes with an 'ALTERNATOR LOADED' annunciator which offers timely notification of main alternator failure as will any EFIS alarm set to alert for a bus votlage below the SB1 setpoint. =C3=82 Please advise if this is not the correct implementation philosophy of this standby regulator in tandem with the LR3C, and why it is viewed as more complex/costly to implement (except the regulator vs the Ford unit.) Okay, if you're already down that road, then my prior argument isn't useful. Smoke ahead . . . it works as advertised. I assume=C3=82 that if sharing a Hall sensor is permissible it is also perm itted to share a 60A shunt. This is a 'real' shunt . . . not a hall-effect sensor? Yes, you can tie both b-leads to the anti-battery end of the shunt. Bob . . . To the other questions, I have engaged Advanced Flight to build one of their Advanced Quick Panels for me, and those are based on their Advanced Control Module just as others sometimes build around an Approach Fast Stack hub or a Vertical Power ECB box. I discussed getting a legacy ACM with fuses from Rob Hickman's inventory, and also having him wire a panel without the ACM as a hub and using acres of breakers or the modular fuse block bus approach, and the ACM with ECB's won the day. My purse, my calendar - my call. The airplane is an RV-10 with 17 feet of fat wire to the starter spinning an IO-540. The 2AWG seems appropriate to me. The shunt, alternators and regulators are items I've already purchased and installed in my airframe. I'm here to make sure I'm about to wire the regulators correctly for their intended use. -Bill On Wed, Mar 11, 2020 at 11:54 AM Robert L. Nuckolls, III < nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com> wrote: > At 08:15 AM 3/11/2020, you wrote: > > Would appreciate if y=C3=A2=82=AC=84=A2all could look this Z-12 var iant over - > specifically for correct implementation of two B&C regulators in automati c > switch-over configuration. TJ at the factory will do the same but is > presently designing a new B&C regulator product and might take awhile. > I=C3=A2=82=AC=84=A2m in somewhat urgent mode to get my panel build underway. Advanced > Flight is already asking for design approvals to commence work for my > panel. Appreciate a second set of eyes on this DC power scheme before > things get too far along. > > Note: Bob has already blessed the sharing of an ampere shunt by the two > alternators. > > > You can run two alternators through a single HALL EFFECT > sensor but EACH alternator should have it's own, dedicated > b-lead and appropriate protection. > > The single shunt configuration shown is NOT recommended. > > Why the auto switch-over? The aux alternator is a standby > device. Probability of being needed is very low. If it > becomes necessary to bring it on line, you have LOTS > of time. If the low voltage warning light comes on, > finish your coffee, fold the map and put it away and > then start flipping the ONE switch needed to make things > right with the universe. Certainly pre-flight the aux > alternator but leave it off until needed for the > few hours or so of continued flight to your intended > destination. > > Standby equipment keeps a failure from becoming an emergency. > Failures are rare so it behooves us to craft the > simplest, lightest and least expensive resolution . . . > kinda like keeping a hammer handy to back up your > nail-gun. > > Auto switching was a feature included to keep the > flying-fuzz happy for putting the aux alternator > onto TC aircraft. It's a feature that adds complexity, > cost of ownership and but no practical value when > it comes to dealing with main alternator failure. > > There no value for including the 'aux altenrator > loaded/overloaded' indicator. You have a means > for READING alternator loads. Your low voltage > warning light tells you to implement plan-b. > You'll have plenty of standard instrumentation > to accomplish what ever load shedding is needed > to bring the bus voltage back up to battery-conservation > levels. All that Gee-Whiz in the SB1 regulator > was for real estate moguls flying around in A36 Bonanzas . . . > well . . . don't need to go there. > > I strongly suggest Z12NP1 AS PUBLISHED. Eliminate > the brown-out bus if you have no BO vulnerable > electro-whizzies. What's with the 'ACM ECB BUS'? > What the return on investment? Remember: over the > century plus history of electrical systems in > aircraft, TONS of circuit breakers have gone to > the scrap yard never having been called upon > to do their job. That's TONS of stuff that > burned more fuel, took up more space, reduced > aircraft payload and did little more > than make the Klixon and T.I. stockholders > happy. > > What kind of airplane? > > 2AWG wire is unnecessary except for LONG runs of > fat-wire like on a seaplane or canard pusher. > > Bob . . . > ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 11, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
At 11:55 AM 3/11/2020, you wrote: >>I assume=C3=82 that if sharing a Hall sensor is >>permissible it is also permitted to share a 60A shunt. > >=C2 This is a 'real' shunt . . . not a hall-effect >=C2 sensor? Yes, you can tie both b-leads to the >=C2 anti-battery end of the shunt. Can't imagine where my head was at with that . . . Obviously, this causes two alternators to share a fault protection device at the far end of the b-lead . . . a failure in one alternator takes down both alternators. My bad. I owe you a six-pak . . . Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 11, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
> > >To the other questions, I have engaged Advanced >Flight to build one of their Advanced Quick >Panels for me, and those are based on their >Advanced Control=C2 Module just as others >sometimes build around an Approach Fast Stack >hub or a Vertical Power ECB box.=C2 I discussed >getting a legacy ACM with fuses from Rob >Hickman's inventory, and also having him wire a >panel without the ACM as a hub and using acres >of breakers or the modular fuse block bus >approach, and the ACM with ECB's won the >day.=C2 My purse, my calendar - my call. > >The airplane is an RV-10 with 17 feet of fat >wire to the starter spinning an IO-540.=C2 The 2AWG seems appropriate to me.=C2 =C2 > >The shunt, alternators and regulators are items >I've already purchased and installed in my >airframe.=C2 I'm here to make sure I'm about to >wire the regulators correctly for their intended use.=C2 Okay, plan-C: Put put a limiter in each b-lead with the limiters as close as practical to the alternator end of the shunt. Make shortest practical connection between battery end of shunt and the contactor. Agreed . . . 2AWG is a better choice for this distance. Sorry for the floobydust . . . I didn't recall our earlier discussions. I think you're good to go! Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 11, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
> > >To the other questions, I have engaged Advanced >Flight to build one of their Advanced Quick >Panels for me, and those are based on their >Advanced Control=C2 Module just as others >sometimes build around an Approach Fast Stack >hub or a Vertical Power ECB box.=C2 I discussed >getting a legacy ACM with fuses from Rob >Hickman's inventory, and also having him wire a >panel without the ACM as a hub and using acres >of breakers or the modular fuse block bus >approach, and the ACM with ECB's won the >day.=C2 My purse, my calendar - my call. > >The airplane is an RV-10 with 17 feet of fat >wire to the starter spinning an IO-540.=C2 The 2AWG seems appropriate to me.=C2 =C2 > >The shunt, alternators and regulators are items >I've already purchased and installed in my >airframe.=C2 I'm here to make sure I'm about to >wire the regulators correctly for their intended use.=C2 Okay, plan-C: Put put a limiter in each b-lead with the limiters as close as practical to the alternator end of the shunt. Make shortest practical connection between battery end of shunt and the contactor. Agreed . . . 2AWG is a better choice for this distance. Sorry for the floobydust . . . I didn't recall our earlier discussions. I think you're good to go! Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Two coms mic switching
From: "cofford" <cofford(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 11, 2020
Hello all, I'm sure this has been answered before, but I'm planning to use two com radios without an audio panel, so I need to switch the mic input. My current plan is to use two PTT switches on the stick, and tie the COM 2 PTT to a relay to switch the mic automatically. Does only the "MIC HIGH" side need to be switched, or do I need to switch the "MIC LOW" side as well? I think "MIC LOW" is just a ground reference for the mic input, but I'm looking for the lowest noise solution. Thanks, Casey Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495242#495242 ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Alec Myers <alec(at)alecmyers.com>
Subject: Re: Two coms mic switching
Date: Mar 12, 2020
I dont think you need to switch either side. Run the mic in parallel into both radios, and allow the appropriate PTT to select which transmits. > On Mar 11, 2020, at 19:31, cofford wrote: > Hello all, I'm sure this has been answered before, but I'm planning to use two com radios without an audio panel, so I need to switch the mic input. My current plan is to use two PTT switches on the stick, and tie the COM 2 PTT to a relay to switch the mic automatically. Does only the "MIC HIGH" side need to be switched, or do I need to switch the "MIC LOW" side as well? I think "MIC LOW" is just a ground reference for the mic input, but I'm looking for the lowest noise solution. Thanks, Casey Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495242#495242 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 11, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
> > >To the other questions, I have engaged Advanced >Flight to build one of their Advanced Quick >Panels for me, and those are based on their >Advanced Control=C2 Module just as others >sometimes build around an Approach Fast Stack >hub or a Vertical Power ECB box.=C2 I discussed >getting a legacy ACM with fuses from Rob >Hickman's inventory, and also having him wire a >panel without the ACM as a hub and using acres >of breakers or the modular fuse block bus >approach, and the ACM with ECB's won the >day.=C2 My purse, my calendar - my call. > >The airplane is an RV-10 with 17 feet of fat >wire to the starter spinning an IO-540.=C2 The 2AWG seems appropriate to me.=C2 =C2 > >The shunt, alternators and regulators are items >I've already purchased and installed in my >airframe.=C2 I'm here to make sure I'm about to >wire the regulators correctly for their intended use.=C2 Okay, plan-C: Put put a limiter in each b-lead with the limiters as close as practical to the alternator end of the shunt. Make shortest practical connection between battery end of shunt and the contactor. Agreed . . . 2AWG is a better choice for this distance. Sorry for the floobydust . . . I didn't recall our earlier discussions. I think you're good to go! Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 12, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
>>>I assume=C3=82 that if sharing a Hall sensor is >>>permissible it is also permitted to share a 60A shunt. >> >>=C2 This is a 'real' shunt . . . not a hall-effect >>=C2 sensor? Yes, you can tie both b-leads to the >>=C2 anti-battery end of the shunt. > > Can't imagine where my head was at with that . . . > Obviously, this causes two alternators to share > a fault protection device at the far end of > the b-lead . . . a failure in one alternator takes > down both alternators. > > My bad. I owe you a six-pak . . . On further reflection, why run the aux alternator through this shunt? You have 'overload' monitoring with the SB1 controller. An alternator ammeter is of no value as a flight instrument . . . your voltmeter(s) tell you everything you need to know from a pilot's perspective. Besides, you can't 'overload' the aux alternator from the perspective of damaging it. 'Overloading' it only depresses bus voltage which is easily detectable on other instruments. I think I'd let the aux alt b-lead run right to the contactor and bypass the shunt. Current values are predictable and accounted for in your load analysis and plan-b protocols. Alternator load meters are limited to some troubleshooting studies on the ground. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Bill Boyd <sportav8r(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 12, 2020
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
I agree, Bob. Never had load meter on the 6A I built and flew for 22 years. Only added this because it was a standard feature on the new glass EFIS stuff. I like the idea of moving the standby alternator to the contactor because it gives me standby power if the shunt were to fail. I must say, the Dynon shunt appears well-constructed and the terminals and shunt bar beefy enough to withstand any expected loads "short of a short." In that event we have other more pressing problems best dealt with by opening the battery contactor... I have one other question - well, actually two: first, my original intent question from yesterday - do I have the wiring for these two regulators properly crafted as shown, for my goal of auto-switching and annunciation of standby alternator taking the load (despite this being otherwise deducible from EFIS voltage readouts and programmable alarms)? Secondly, what happens it the voltage sense to either regulator (terminal 3) is lost by a wire fault or a breaker trip? Seems like the regulator would sense an undervolt (namely, zero) and drive its alternator to max available output voltage. Will the OVP built into these units function off the other possible voltage sensing pathway (terminal 6 to the switch that brings power to the regulator circuitry), or will a loss of this voltage to terminal 3 result in a runaway overvoltage condition that nothing else in the Z-diagram can mitigate once the battery has soaked up all it can? I'm pondering the apparent vulnerability of this one wire (bus to sense terminal 3) to failure, especially adding additional failure points by running it to a breaker vs. a fusible-link. An inadvertent "open" on this wire just doesn't sound good. What can you tell me about that? Thank you for your time and tutelage, Bob. -Bill On Thu, Mar 12, 2020 at 9:05 AM Robert L. Nuckolls, III < nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com> wrote: > I assume=C3=83=9A that if sharing a Hall sensor is permissible it i s also > permitted to share a 60A shunt. > > > =C3=82 This is a 'real' shunt . . . not a hall-effect > =C3=82 sensor? Yes, you can tie both b-leads to the > =C3=82 anti-battery end of the shunt. > > > Can't imagine where my head was at with that . . . > Obviously, this causes two alternators to share > a fault protection device at the far end of > the b-lead . . . a failure in one alternator takes > down both alternators. > > My bad. I owe you a six-pak . . . > > > On further reflection, why run the aux alternator > through this shunt? You have 'overload' monitoring > with the SB1 controller. An alternator ammeter > is of no value as a flight instrument . . . your > voltmeter(s) tell you everything you need to know > from a pilot's perspective. Besides, you can't > 'overload' the aux alternator from the perspective > of damaging it. 'Overloading' it only depresses > bus voltage which is easily detectable on other > instruments. I think I'd let the aux alt b-lead > run right to the contactor and bypass the shunt. > > Current values are predictable and accounted for > in your load analysis and plan-b protocols. > Alternator load meters are limited to some > troubleshooting studies on the ground. > > > Bob . . . > ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 12, 2020
Do not forget a fuse or current limiter between the "B" lead and battery contactor. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495255#495255 ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Bill Boyd <sportav8r(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 12, 2020
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
Good catch. Thanks! On Thu, Mar 12, 2020 at 10:57 AM user9253 wrote: > > Do not forget a fuse or current limiter between the "B" lead and battery > contactor. > > -------- > Joe Gores > > > Read this topic online here: > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495255#495255 > > ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 12, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Two coms mic switching
At 06:59 AM 3/12/2020, you wrote: > >I don=99t think you need to switch either side. >Run the mic in parallel into both radios, and >allow the appropriate PTT to select which transmits. > > > On Mar 11, 2020, at 19:31, cofford wrote: > > > > >Hello all, > >I'm sure this has been answered before, but I'm >planning to use two com radios without an audio >panel, so I need to switch the mic input. My >current plan is to use two PTT switches on the >stick, and tie the COM 2 PTT to a relay to >switch the mic automatically. Does only the >"MIC HIGH" side need to be switched, or do I >need to switch the "MIC LOW" side as well? I >think "MIC LOW" is just a ground reference for >the mic input, but I'm looking for the lowest noise solution. A DPDT switch routes PTT and MI HI to each radio independently. An example of this is shown in Figure 18-11 of the 'Connection http://www.aeroelectric.com/Books/Connection/18_Audio.pdf Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 12, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
At 08:39 AM 3/12/2020, you wrote: >I agree, Bob.=C2 Never had load meter on the 6A I >built and flew for 22 years.=C2 Only=C2 added this >because it was a standard feature on the new glass EFIS stuff.=C2 =C2 > >I like the idea of moving the standby alternator >to the contactor because it gives me standby power=C2 if the shunt were to fail. They don't >=C2 I must say, the Dynon shunt appears >well-constructed and the terminals and shunt bar >beefy enough to withstand any expected=C2 loads >"short of a short."=C2 In that event we have >other more pressing problems best dealt with by >opening the battery contactor... true >I have one other question - well, actually >two:=C2 first, my original=C2 intent question from >yesterday=C2 - do I have the wiring for these two >regulators properly crafted as shown, for my >goal of auto-switching and annunciation of >standby alternator taking the load (despite this >being otherwise deducible from EFIS voltage=C2 readouts and programmable alarms)? yes >Secondly, what happens it the voltage sense to >either regulator (terminal 3) is lost by a wire >fault or a breaker trip?=C2 Seems like the >regulator would sense an undervolt (namely, >zero) and drive its alternator to max available >output voltage.=C2 Will the OVP built into these >units function off the other possible voltage >sensing pathway (terminal 6 to the switch that >brings power to the regulator circuitry), or >will a loss of this voltage to terminal 3 result >in a runaway=C2 overvoltage condition that nothing >else in the Z-diagram can mitigate once the >battery has soaked up all it can?=C2 =C2 Loss of sense lead shuts the alternator down. >I'm pondering the apparent vulnerability of this >one wire (bus to sense terminal 3) to failure, >especially adding additional failure points by >running it to a breaker vs. a fusible-link.=C2 An >inadvertent "open" on this wire just doesn't >sound good.=C2 What can you=C2 tell me about that? That was covered in the FMEA for the original design. Virtually ALL TC qualified alternator controllers are required to shut the alternator down if either (+) or (-) sense leads are opened. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
From: DeWitt Whittington <dee.whittington(at)gmail.com>
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
Date: Mar 12, 2020
And then he shook Pence=99s hand. Dee > On Mar 12, 2020, at 11:23 AM, Bill Boyd wrote: > > Good catch. Thanks! > > On Thu, Mar 12, 2020 at 10:57 AM user9253 > wrote: > > > Do not forget a fuse or current limiter between the "B" lead and battery contactor. > > -------- > Joe Gores > > > > > Read this topic online here: > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495255#495255 <http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495255#495255> > > > > > > <http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?AeroElectric-List> <http://www.matronics.com/contribution> > > > ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 12, 2020
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
Heh heh heh.... Virus-free. www.avast.com <#DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2> On Thu, Mar 12, 2020 at 11:20 AM DeWitt Whittington < dee.whittington(at)gmail.com> wrote: > And then he shook Pence=99s hand. > > Dee > > On Mar 12, 2020, at 11:23 AM, Bill Boyd wrote: > > Good catch. Thanks! > > On Thu, Mar 12, 2020 at 10:57 AM user9253 wrote: > >> >> Do not forget a fuse or current limiter between the "B" lead and battery >> contactor. >> >> -------- >> Joe Gores >> >> >> >> >> Read this topic online here: >> >> http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495255#495255 >> >> >> >> >> >> >> ========== >> ========== >> Forum - >> class=""> href="http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?AeroElectric-List " >> rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" class=""> >> http://www.matronics.com/Navigator?AeroElectric-List >> ========== >> WEB FORUMS - >> rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">http://forums.matronics. com >> ========== >> LIST WIKI - >> rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">http://wiki.matronics.co m >> ========== >> Web Site - >> -Matt Dralle, List Admin. >> rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" class=""> >> http://www.matronics.com/contribution >> ========== >> >> >> >> > ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Bill Boyd <sportav8r(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 12, 2020
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
Very reassuring. Thanks! On Thu, Mar 12, 2020 at 11:45 AM Robert L. Nuckolls, III < nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com> wrote: > At 08:39 AM 3/12/2020, you wrote: > > I agree, Bob.=C3=82 Never had load meter on the 6A I built and flew for 22 > years.=C3=82 Only=C3=82 added this because it was a standard feature on the new > glass EFIS stuff.=C3=82 =C3=82 > > I like the idea of moving the standby alternator to the contactor because > it gives me standby power=C3=82 if the shunt were to fail. > > > They don't > > =C3=82 I must say, the Dynon shunt appears well-constructed and the term inals > and shunt bar beefy enough to withstand any expected=C3=82 loads "short o f a > short."=C3=82 In that event we have other more pressing problems best de alt > with by opening the battery contactor... > > > true > > > I have one other question - well, actually two:=C3=82 first, my original =C3=82 > intent question from yesterday=C3=82 - do I have the wiring for these tw o > regulators properly crafted as shown, for my goal of auto-switching and > annunciation of standby alternator taking the load (despite this being > otherwise deducible from EFIS voltage=C3=82 readouts and programmable ala rms)? > > > yes > > > Secondly, what happens it the voltage sense to either regulator (terminal > 3) is lost by a wire fault or a breaker trip?=C3=82 Seems like the regul ator > would sense an undervolt (namely, zero) and drive its alternator to max > available output voltage.=C3=82 Will the OVP built into these units func tion > off the other possible voltage sensing pathway (terminal 6 to the switch > that brings power to the regulator circuitry), or will a loss of this > voltage to terminal 3 result in a runaway=C3=82 overvoltage condition tha t > nothing else in the Z-diagram can mitigate once the battery has soaked up > all it can?=C3=82 =C3=82 > > > Loss of sense lead shuts the alternator down. > > > I'm pondering the apparent vulnerability of this one wire (bus to sense > terminal 3) to failure, especially adding additional failure points by > running it to a breaker vs. a fusible-link.=C3=82 An inadvertent "open" on this > wire just doesn't sound good.=C3=82 What can you=C3=82 tell me about tha t? > > > That was covered in the FMEA for the original design. > Virtually ALL TC qualified alternator controllers > are required to shut the alternator down if > either (+) or (-) sense leads are opened. > > Bob . . . > ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Two coms mic switching
From: "cofford" <cofford(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 12, 2020
nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelect wrote: > At 06:59 AM 3/12/2020, you wrote: > > > > > I dont think you need to switch either side. Run the mic in parallel into both radios, and allow the appropriate PTT to select which transmits. > > > > > On Mar 11, 2020, at 19:31, cofford wrote: > > > > > > > > > Hello all, > > > > I'm sure this has been answered before, but I'm planning to use two com radios without an audio panel, so I need to switch the mic input. My current plan is to use two PTT switches on the stick, and tie the COM 2 PTT to a relay to switch the mic automatically. Does only the "MIC HIGH" side need to be switched, or do I need to switch the "MIC LOW" side as well? I think "MIC LOW" is just a ground reference for the mic input, but I'm looking for the lowest noise solution. > > > A DPDT switch routes PTT and MI HI to each radio > independently. An example of this is shown in > Figure 18-11 of the 'Connection > > http://www.aeroelectric.com/Books/Connection/18_Audio.pdf > > > > > > Bob . . . Thanks for the answers. Not switching at all would cause an impedance mismatch in my case as both radios have a built-in intercom so the mic input would always be live. Sounds like switching the MIC HI line is the way to go. Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495264#495264 ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Alec <alec(at)alecmyers.com>
Date: Mar 12, 2020
Subject: Re: Two coms mic switching
Im pretty sure microphones arent impedance matched; a mic input is a high impedance input and the mic is (?) 600 ohms, so running one into two inputs doesnt load the source. Sent from my iPhone > On Mar 12, 2020, at 1:27 PM, cofford wrote: > > > > nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelect wrote: >> At 06:59 AM 3/12/2020, you wrote: >> >>> >>> I dont think you need to switch either side. Run the mic in parallel into both radios, and allow the appropriate PTT to select which transmits. >>> >>>> On Mar 11, 2020, at 19:31, cofford wrote: >>>> >>> >>> >>> Hello all, >>> >>> I'm sure this has been answered before, but I'm planning to use two com radios without an audio panel, so I need to switch the mic input. My current plan is to use two PTT switches on the stick, and tie the COM 2 PTT to a relay to switch the mic automatically. Does only the "MIC HIGH" side need to be switched, or do I need to switch the "MIC LOW" side as well? I think "MIC LOW" is just a ground reference for the mic input, but I'm looking for the lowest noise solution. >> >> >> A DPDT switch routes PTT and MI HI to each radio >> independently. An example of this is shown in >> Figure 18-11 of the 'Connection >> >> http://www.aeroelectric.com/Books/Connection/18_Audio.pdf >> >> >> >> >> >> Bob . . . > > > Thanks for the answers. Not switching at all would cause an impedance mismatch in my case as both radios have a built-in intercom so the mic input would always be live. Sounds like switching the MIC HI line is the way to go. > > > > > Read this topic online here: > > http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495264#495264 > > > > > > > > > ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Two coms mic switching
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 12, 2020
That's kinda like adult diapers. (It Depends.) Most audio circuits are a low impedance feeding a high impedance, but you can't assume it's true in every case. You may well find high gain inputs that have their load impedance intentionally kept low, to reduce noise susceptibility when there's no source connected. On 3/12/2020 12:40 PM, Alec wrote: > > Im pretty sure microphones arent impedance matched; a mic input is a high impedance input and the mic is (?) 600 ohms, so running one into two inputs doesnt load the source. > > > Sent from my iPhone > >> On Mar 12, 2020, at 1:27 PM, cofford wrote: >> >> >> >> nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelect wrote: >>> At 06:59 AM 3/12/2020, you wrote: >>> >>>> >>>> I dont think you need to switch either side. Run the mic in parallel into both radios, and allow the appropriate PTT to select which transmits. >>>> >>>>> On Mar 11, 2020, at 19:31, cofford wrote: >>>>> >>>> >>>> Hello all, >>>> >>>> I'm sure this has been answered before, but I'm planning to use two com radios without an audio panel, so I need to switch the mic input. My current plan is to use two PTT switches on the stick, and tie the COM 2 PTT to a relay to switch the mic automatically. Does only the "MIC HIGH" side need to be switched, or do I need to switch the "MIC LOW" side as well? I think "MIC LOW" is just a ground reference for the mic input, but I'm looking for the lowest noise solution. >>> >>> A DPDT switch routes PTT and MI HI to each radio >>> independently. An example of this is shown in >>> Figure 18-11 of the 'Connection >>> >>> http://www.aeroelectric.com/Books/Connection/18_Audio.pdf >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> Bob . . . >> >> Thanks for the answers. Not switching at all would cause an impedance mismatch in my case as both radios have a built-in intercom so the mic input would always be live. Sounds like switching the MIC HI line is the way to go. -- This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. https://www.avast.com/antivirus ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Alec Myers <alec(at)alecmyers.com>
Subject: Re: Two coms mic switching
Date: Mar 12, 2020
I know. The nerdy part of me really really really wants to try it, to see if it works. On Mar 12, 2020, at 2:10 PM, Charlie England wrote: That's kinda like adult diapers. (It Depends.) Most audio circuits are a low impedance feeding a high impedance, but you can't assume it's true in every case. You may well find high gain inputs that have their load impedance intentionally kept low, to reduce noise susceptibility when there's no source connected. On 3/12/2020 12:40 PM, Alec wrote: > > Im pretty sure microphones arent impedance matched; a mic input is a high impedance input and the mic is (?) 600 ohms, so running one into two inputs doesnt load the source. > > > Sent from my iPhone > >> On Mar 12, 2020, at 1:27 PM, cofford wrote: >> >> >> >> nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelect wrote: >>> At 06:59 AM 3/12/2020, you wrote: >>> >>>> >>>> I dont think you need to switch either side. Run the mic in parallel into both radios, and allow the appropriate PTT to select which transmits. >>>> >>>>> On Mar 11, 2020, at 19:31, cofford wrote: >>>>> >>>> >>>> Hello all, >>>> >>>> I'm sure this has been answered before, but I'm planning to use two com radios without an audio panel, so I need to switch the mic input. My current plan is to use two PTT switches on the stick, and tie the COM 2 PTT to a relay to switch the mic automatically. Does only the "MIC HIGH" side need to be switched, or do I need to switch the "MIC LOW" side as well? I think "MIC LOW" is just a ground reference for the mic input, but I'm looking for the lowest noise solution. >>> >>> A DPDT switch routes PTT and MI HI to each radio >>> independently. An example of this is shown in >>> Figure 18-11 of the 'Connection >>> >>> http://www.aeroelectric.com/Books/Connection/18_Audio.pdf >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> Bob . . . >> >> Thanks for the answers. Not switching at all would cause an impedance mismatch in my case as both radios have a built-in intercom so the mic input would always be live. Sounds like switching the MIC HI line is the way to go. -- This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. https://www.avast.com/antivirus ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Carlos Trigo <trigo(at)mail.telepac.pt>
Subject: Re: Two coms mic switching
Date: Mar 12, 2020
Its kinda cool to assist these technically intrincated discussions Enviado do meu iPhone > No dia 12/03/2020, s 18:22, Charlie England escreveu: > > > That's kinda like adult diapers. (It Depends.) > > Most audio circuits are a low impedance feeding a high impedance, but you can't assume it's true in every case. You may well find high gain inputs that have their load impedance intentionally kept low, to reduce noise susceptibility when there's no source connected. > >> On 3/12/2020 12:40 PM, Alec wrote: >> >> Im pretty sure microphones arent impedance matched; a mic input is a high impedance input and the mic is (?) 600 ohms, so running one into two inputs doesnt load the source. >> >> >> Sent from my iPhone >> >>>> On Mar 12, 2020, at 1:27 PM, cofford wrote: >>> >>> >>> >>> nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelect wrote: >>>> At 06:59 AM 3/12/2020, you wrote: >>>> >>>>> >>>>> I dont think you need to switch either side. Run the mic in parallel into both radios, and allow the appropriate PTT to select which transmits. >>>>> >>>>>> On Mar 11, 2020, at 19:31, cofford wrote: >>>>>> >>>>> >>>>> Hello all, >>>>> >>>>> I'm sure this has been answered before, but I'm planning to use two com radios without an audio panel, so I need to switch the mic input. My current plan is to use two PTT switches on the stick, and tie the COM 2 PTT to a relay to switch the mic automatically. Does only the "MIC HIGH" side need to be switched, or do I need to switch the "MIC LOW" side as well? I think "MIC LOW" is just a ground reference for the mic input, but I'm looking for the lowest noise solution. >>>> >>>> A DPDT switch routes PTT and MI HI to each radio >>>> independently. An example of this is shown in >>>> Figure 18-11 of the 'Connection >>>> >>>> http://www.aeroelectric.com/Books/Connection/18_Audio.pdf >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> Bob . . . >>> >>> Thanks for the answers. Not switching at all would cause an impedance mismatch in my case as both radios have a built-in intercom so the mic input would always be live. Sounds like switching the MIC HI line is the way to go. > > > -- > This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. > https://www.avast.com/antivirus > > > > ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 12, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Scan Mar 11, 2020 at 9.05 AM
At 08:39 AM 3/12/2020, you wrote: >I agree, Bob.=C2 Never had load meter on the 6A I >built and flew for 22 years.=C2 Only=C2 added this >because it was a standard feature on the new glass EFIS stuff.=C2 =C2 > >I like the idea of moving the standby alternator >to the contactor because it gives me standby power=C2 if the shunt were to fail. They don't >=C2 I must say, the Dynon shunt appears >well-constructed and the terminals and shunt bar >beefy enough to withstand any expected=C2 loads >"short of a short."=C2 In that event we have >other more pressing problems best dealt with by >opening the battery contactor... true >I have one other question - well, actually >two:=C2 first, my original=C2 intent question from >yesterday=C2 - do I have the wiring for these two >regulators properly crafted as shown, for my >goal of auto-switching and annunciation of >standby alternator taking the load (despite this >being otherwise deducible from EFIS voltage=C2 readouts and programmable alarms)? yes >Secondly, what happens it the voltage sense to >either regulator (terminal 3) is lost by a wire >fault or a breaker trip?=C2 Seems like the >regulator would sense an undervolt (namely, >zero) and drive its alternator to max available >output voltage.=C2 Will the OVP built into these >units function off the other possible voltage >sensing pathway (terminal 6 to the switch that >brings power to the regulator circuitry), or >will a loss of this voltage to terminal 3 result >in a runaway=C2 overvoltage condition that nothing >else in the Z-diagram can mitigate once the >battery has soaked up all it can?=C2 =C2 Loss of sense lead shuts the alternator down. >I'm pondering the apparent vulnerability of this >one wire (bus to sense terminal 3) to failure, >especially adding additional failure points by >running it to a breaker vs. a fusible-link.=C2 An >inadvertent "open" on this wire just doesn't >sound good.=C2 What can you=C2 tell me about that? That was covered in the FMEA for the original design. Virtually ALL TC qualified alternator controllers are required to shut the alternator down if either (+) or (-) sense leads are opened. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 12, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Two coms mic switching
> >Most audio circuits are a low impedance feeding a high impedance, >but you can't assume it's >true in every case. You may well find high gain inputs that have >their load impedance >intentionally kept low, to reduce noise susceptibility when there's >no source connected. Keep in mind that the MIC HI input to an intercom or transmitter is designed to interface with a powered, amplified microphone. This is a legacy hold-over from the days when aircraft microphones were not unlike those in your telephone . . . carbon granules behind a foil diaphragm. https://tinyurl.com/htnn6nq This microphone is essentially a resistor whose resistance varies with audio stimulation. Hence it must first be biased up with some current so that the electronics can tap the resulting voltage variances that represent speech. Here's an exemplar MIC input circuit for a King transceiver . . . Emacs! Looking into the DC power path, the DC source impedance is on the order of 600 ohms, the AC load impedance is on the order of 390 ohms while the load impedance of the first audio stage is about 48,000 ohms. So while the voltage INPUT network may indeed be 'high' impedance, the microphone BIAS network is not. Further, paralleling two such inputs doubles the bias to any one microphone. The using DPDT "TX SELECT" switch for PTT and MIC HI lines is pretty much mandatory. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 13, 2020
Subject: List
From: Roger&Jean <rnjcurtis(at)charter.net>
I have been A member of this list for several years. A couple of years ago I stopped getting emails, for no apparent reason and then they started coming again. For quite some time the emails arrived daily with no problem. A few months back my aeroelectric list emails just quit coming, but since I was about finished with my project, I was not in need of the wealth of great info and suggestions, so I didn't bother checking into it. Magically, with no intervention on my part, my Aeroelectric list emails started appearing in my inbox last weekend. Not sure of what happened or why. Has this phenomenon happened to anyone else on the list? Roger Sent from: YOGA TABLET 10 HD+ ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 13, 2020
From: Robert Reed <robertr237(at)att.net>
Subject: Re: List
YES!! er.net> wrote: > I have been A member of this list for several years.=C2- A couple of year s ago I stopped getting emails, for no apparent reason and then they starte d coming again.=C2- For quite some time the emails arrived daily with no problem.=C2- A few months back my aeroelectric list emails just quit comi ng, but since I was about finished with my project, I was not in need of th e wealth of great info and suggestions, so I didn't bother checking into it . Magically, with no intervention on my part, my Aeroelectric list emails sta rted appearing in my inbox last weekend.=C2- Not sure of what happened or why.=C2- Has this phenomenon happened to anyone else on the list? Roger Sent from: YOGA TABLET 10 HD+ - S - WIKI - - =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- =C2- -Matt Dralle, List Admin. ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 13, 2020
Subject: Re: List
On Fri, Mar 13, 2020 at 10:46 AM Roger&Jean wrote: > > > > I have been A member of this list for several years. A couple of years > ago I stopped getting emails, for no apparent reason and then they started > coming again. For quite some time the emails arrived daily with no > problem. A few months back my aeroelectric list emails just quit coming, > but since I was about finished with my project, I was not in need of the > wealth of great info and suggestions, so I didn't bother checking into it. > > Magically, with no intervention on my part, my Aeroelectric list emails > started appearing in my inbox last weekend. Not sure of what happened or > why. Has this phenomenon happened to anyone else on the list? > > Roger I don't know if it's relevant to your case, but... I'm fairly active here, and I've noticed that I'll often see a reply to an original message that I never saw. Sometimes I find the original message in my spam folder, but often I just never received it. When I look at the forum version, I can see the original message. I suspect that because Matt (the list owner) allows both forum format and email access, some of the forum posts aren't making the leap to email for me to see them. Another weirdness is that I don't get my own replies to messages, though they show up in the archives. I don't know whether this is a product of Matt's filtering, or Gmail's filtering. Charlie Virus-free. www.avast.com <#DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2> ________________________________________________________________________________
From: "A. Buess Aviatik" <ykibuess(at)bluewin.ch>
Subject: List
Date: Mar 13, 2020
Same with me on four lists! Alfred -----Ursprngliche Nachricht----- Von: owner-aeroelectric-list-server(at)matronics.com [mailto:owner-aeroelectric-list-server(at)matronics.com] Im Auftrag von Roger&Jean Gesendet: Freitag, 13. Mrz 2020 16:38 An: aeroelectric-list(at)matronics.com Betreff: AeroElectric-List: List --> I have been A member of this list for several years. A couple of years ago I stopped getting emails, for no apparent reason and then they started coming again. For quite some time the emails arrived daily with no problem. A few months back my aeroelectric list emails just quit coming, but since I was about finished with my project, I was not in need of the wealth of great info and suggestions, so I didn't bother checking into it. Magically, with no intervention on my part, my Aeroelectric list emails started appearing in my inbox last weekend. Not sure of what happened or why. Has this phenomenon happened to anyone else on the list? Roger Sent from: YOGA TABLET 10 HD+ ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Antenna separation question
From: "bcone1381" <bcone1964(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 13, 2020
I am installing two Dipole antennas internally in my experimental aircraft project. These dipole antennas are 43 inches long and have no ground plane. The main antenna will be used by the Communications radio and the second will be used by the ELT. Both will be mounted vertically. Is there a best practice separation standard in mounting these two antennas? I'l like to install both of them in the vertical stabilizer a few inches apart. -------- Brooks Cone Bearhawk Patrol Kit Build Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495303#495303 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 14, 2020
From: Bobby Paulk <bobbypaulk(at)comcast.net>
Subject: List
I was frustrated because I could not receive the list. I pursued Comcast at least five or six times and held for ten to fifteen minutes until I finally got some one that knew what they thought was going on. It was a supervisor's supervisor. He told me there was something with Matronics that did not agree with their format. I switched to G-mail and it has worked great. I e-mailed Matt the info. Then about a week ago I started getting it again from Comcast. So I guess the problem has been fixed. ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 14, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Antenna separation question
At 01:05 PM 3/13/2020, you wrote: > >I am installing two Dipole antennas internally in my experimental >aircraft project. These dipole antennas are 43 inches long and have >no ground plane. The main antenna will be used by the Communications >radio and the second will be used by the ELT. Both will be mounted >vertically. Is this a vhf only ELT? If it includes 406MHz capability, then you're advised to use the stock, dual band antenna recommended for the ELT. >Is there a best practice separation standard in mounting these two >antennas? I'l like to install both of them in the vertical >stabilizer a few inches apart. This would be too close to expect insignificant interaction. Recommend you consider the built in antenna for the VHF Comm and a ground plane vertical whip for the ELT. Much more likely to achieve optimum performance. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Antenna separation question
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 14, 2020
On 3/14/2020 2:41 PM, Robert L. Nuckolls, III wrote: > At 01:05 PM 3/13/2020, you wrote: >> >> >> I am installing two Dipole antennas internally in my experimental >> aircraft project. These dipole antennas are 43 inches long and have >> no ground plane. The main antenna will be used by the Communications >> radio and the second will be used by the ELT. Both will be mounted >> vertically. > > Is this a vhf only ELT? If it > includes 406MHz capability, then > you're advised to use the stock, > dual band antenna recommended for > the ELT. > >> Is there a best practice separation standard in mounting these two >> antennas? I'l like to install both of them in the vertical >> stabilizer a few inches apart. > > > This would be too close to expect > insignificant interaction. > > Recommend you consider the built in > antenna for the VHF Comm and a > ground plane vertical whip for the > ELT. > > Much more likely to achieve optimum > performance. > > Bob . . . > And with the dipole in the tail, the ELT ant could be fit farther forward inside the fuselage (for separation) with its own 1/4 wave ground plane. Charlie -- This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. https://www.avast.com/antivirus ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Diagnosing generator problems
From: "Randy C-GRPY" <rpulis(at)shaw.ca>
Date: Mar 14, 2020
I have a friend with a 1946 Swift that is having generator issues. It isnt charging the battery. Are there some easy checks that can be done to try and narrow down the search for the issue ie: voltage regulator vs generator etc? Any feedback would be appreciated. Randy Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495323#495323 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Diagnosing generator problems
From: "Beauvais" <BeauvaisGinnynw429(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 15, 2020
Another option for investors is an online trading course called Certus Trading Reviews. https://thriveglobal.com/stories/qa-with-founder-chief-strategist-of-certus-trading-matt-choi/ Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495335#495335 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Test; List Server Issues...
From: "Beauvais" <BeauvaisGinnynw429(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 15, 2020
A Vancouver-based tech executive thinks that AI and machine learning make up at least part of the future of IAM. As AI becomes more accessible, he says, sectors that previously couldnt take full advantage of the technology like medicine and energy have the opening. Well see big gains in economic productivity as a result CLIK HERE. https://www.superbcrew.com/qa-with-thierry-levasseur-on-improving-e-mail-communication-systems-and-security/ Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495336#495336 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 16, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Diagnosing generator problems
At 09:27 PM 3/14/2020, you wrote: > >I have a friend with a 1946 Swift that is having >generator issues. It isn=99t charging the >battery. Are there some easy checks that can be >done to try and narrow down the search for the >issue ie: voltage regulator vs generator etc? > >Any feedback would be appreciated. How long has it been that the generator was functioning normally? If it has been idle for an extended period of time, the generator may have lost its residual magnetism which will require 'flashing' to recover. If the generator has been working and simply died, then peek at the brushes. Are they recessed deep in their holders . . . half way down or more? Probably worn out. If brush length isn't a obvious possibility, then it gets more complicated. Generators are not difficult to troubleshoot but it takes some tools, and knowledge of the generator style (F terminal pull up to bus or down to ground for full output). The process requires that the engine be running during certain measurements. It can be done without pulling parts but it's not a trivial exercise. One of the easiest tests is to simply substitute a known good regulator first. But pulling both devices off for bench tests as a working pair is the definitive process. I could ask you for voltage measurements while the engine is running and the system turned ON . . . but without knowing more details on the system's inner-workings, external measurements would be meaningless. There are tools that would let us deduce system details and ultimately diagnose the failure but explaining their acquisition and use here on the List is problematic. Sorry I can't be more helpful. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
From: "Mark" <marktdonahue(at)comcast.net>
Subject: Radio noise when transmitting
Date: Mar 16, 2020
I have an RV 9A aircraft with a 60 amp Plane Power alternator and an Icom IC-200 radio. I recently installed ADSB (echo UAT/FYX-EXT) with associated antennae at recommended spacing on the plane's belly. My recent symptoms are a high whine in the headset when transmitting on the radio. I hear incoming radio transmissions clearly. I checked disconnecting the alternator by opening the field circuit breaker and the sound during transmitting goes away. This issue may be more noticeable while on the ground. When announcing "ready for take-off" I get a response from fellow pilots in the pattern that they hear a high whine in the transmission. However when at 3000 ft altitude and 5 miles from the field during a radio check, the sound in my head set is diminished and the response from fellow pilots is "loud and clear". The fact that this occurred after the ADSB installation may be unrelated. I don't remember this problem immediately after that installation, so this may be a canard. Any advice on how to trouble shoot this and recommended fixes that I could attempt. Thanks to this group. I enjoy and appreciate the knowledge and experience of the members. Mark Donahue 206 755 1093 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Diagnosing generator problems
From: "Randy C-GRPY" <rpulis(at)shaw.ca>
Date: Mar 16, 2020
nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelect wrote: > At 09:27 PM 3/14/2020, you wrote: > > > > > I have a friend with a 1946 Swift that is having generator issues. It isnt charging the battery. Are there some easy checks that can be done to try and narrow down the search for the issue ie: voltage regulator vs generator etc? > > > > Any feedback would be appreciated. > > How long has it been that the generator was > functioning normally? If it has been idle > for an extended period of time, the generator > may have lost its residual magnetism which > will require 'flashing' to recover. > > If the generator has been working and simply > died, then peek at the brushes. Are they recessed > deep in their holders . . . half way down or > more? Probably worn out. If brush length isn't > a obvious possibility, then it gets more > complicated. > > Generators are not difficult to troubleshoot > but it takes some tools, and knowledge of the > generator style (F terminal pull up to > bus or down to ground for full output). > The process requires that the engine be > running during certain measurements. > > It can be done without pulling parts > but it's not a trivial exercise. One > of the easiest tests is to simply substitute > a known good regulator first. But pulling > both devices off for bench tests as a > working pair is the definitive process. > > I could ask you for voltage measurements > while the engine is running and the system > turned ON . . . but without knowing more > details on the system's inner-workings, > external measurements would be meaningless. > > There are tools that would let us deduce > system details and ultimately diagnose > the failure but explaining their > acquisition and use here on the List > is problematic. Sorry I can't be more > helpful. > > > > Bob . . . Thanks Bob. The plane has been flying and up until recently all was well. Failure was sudden. There are about 100 hrs on this particular unit. The brushes looked fine. >From your response Im getting that its going to take somebody with experience to troubleshoot effectively. I will pass that on. Regards Randy Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495342#495342 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Radio noise when transmitting
From: "user9253" <fransew(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 16, 2020
Make sure that the microphone jacks are electrically insulated from the airframe with dielectric washers. The mic ground wire should be grounded at the radio end only. -------- Joe Gores Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495343#495343 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Radio noise when transmitting
From: "markdonahue" <marktdonahue(at)comcast.net>
Date: Mar 16, 2020
I spoke to Allen @ Hartsell (owner of Plane Power now) and he thought it could well be a bad diode on the alternator. Suggested testing between the alternator output to ground with a volt meter set to AC voltage. If I get something closer to 1 volt, as opposed to say .08 volt, then that would show a bad diode. Also suggested checking the grounds. I plan to do that. Thanks for the suggestion on the headphone jacks isolation washers. I will check that also. Mark -------- Mark Donahue Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495344#495344 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Dewa's Game (agen slot online terpercaya - dewaasia)
From: "dewaslot99" <halodomo7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 16, 2020
Bagi anda para pemain slot online yang sedang mencari situs judi bagus,dewa slot (https://dewaasia.org)adalah pilihan yang tepat untuk anda, karena selain menawarkan minimal deposit terendah yaitu Rp. 25.000 yang akan diproses dan dikirim ke saldo akun judi anda dengan cepat. Game judinya juga banyak, selain slot online. Proses pendaftarannya pun cukup mudah dan data yang perlu diisi juga sedikit, jadi hanya akan menghabiskan waktu sekitar 3 menit saja. Anda juga akan mendapatkan bonus new member 200% dan tentu saja bonus-bonus besar lainnya. DewaAsia juga termasuk situs dengan game judi online dan provider terbanyak. Jadi tunggu apalagi, segera daftar dan menangkan bonusnya! Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495345#495345 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 17, 2020
From: Ernest Christley <echristley(at)att.net>
Subject: Re: Radio noise when transmitting
Also, try adjusting the volume on your headset, if it has a volume control. I had an issue of a squeal on transmit. I think the headset was picking up the transmitted signal and amplifying it back out. Problem went away when I turned the headset volume down Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android On Mon, Mar 16, 2020 at 7:27 PM, user9253 wrote: --> AeroElectric-List message posted by: "user9253" Make sure that the microphone jacks are electrically insulated from the air frame with dielectric washers.=C2- The mic ground wire should be grounded at th e radio end only. -------- Joe Gores ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 17, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Radio noise when transmitting
At 01:39 PM 3/16/2020, you wrote: >I have an RV 9A aircraft with a 60 amp Plane Power alternator and an >Icom IC-200 radio. I recently installed ADSB (echo UAT/FYX-EXT) >with associated antennae at recommended spacing on the plane's >belly. My recent symptoms are a high whine in the headset when >transmitting on the radio. I hear incoming radio transmissions >clearly. I checked disconnecting the alternator by opening the >field circuit breaker and the sound during transmitting goes away. >This issue may be more noticeable while on the ground. When >announcing "ready for take-off" I get a response from fellow pilots >in the pattern that they hear a high whine in the >transmission. However when at 3000 ft altitude and 5 miles from the >field during a radio check, the sound in my head set is diminished >and the response from fellow pilots is "loud and clear". The fact >that this occurred after the ADSB installation may be unrelated. I >don't remember this problem immediately after that installation, so >this may be a canard. Any advice on how to trouble shoot this and >recommended fixes that I could attempt. >Thanks to this group. I enjoy and appreciate the knowledge and >experience of the members. >Mark Donahue >206 755 1093 Make sure that the microphone jacks are electrically insulated from the airframe with dielectric washers. The mic ground wire should be grounded at the radio end only. -------- Joe Gores Joe's suggestion is a good one. Alternator whine is almost always conducted into transmitted audio by a ground loop caused by mounting the microphone jack to airframe without and insulating washer. https://tinyurl.com/t4kveee A possible reason for the noise going away while airborne: Alternator currents flowing on the airframe are greatest when alternator loads are heavy. Just after start, the battery is being recharged which adds to noise source. After a few minutes recharge, airframe currents are reduced. If you already have these washers, then the hypothesis is moot. Diode failures are rare. Let us know what you discover. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Insulating washers [was: Radio noise when transmitting]
From: Joe Dubner <jdubner(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Mar 17, 2020
Robert L. Nuckolls, III wrote on 3/17/2020 10:07: > ?? ... > ground loop caused by mounting the microphone > ?? jack to airframe without and insulating washer. > > https://tinyurl.com/t4kveee > > ?? ... Yikes, those are some expensive pieces of phenolic! Not in terms of other airplane parts measured in AMU ($1000 bills) of course but certainly in terms of dollars per ounce. In the past a friend has turned some on his lathe from some phenolic stock I had on hand. Like nearly all machining operations, the setup is time consuming but "production" is quite speedy. I have also used 0.062-inch printed circuit board material (after cleaning off the traces) to fabricate a rectangular strip that would mount jacks through oversize clearance holes. Image attached. The latter technique works for 1/8-inch jacks where no insulated mount is available AFAIK. -- Joe RV-8A Independence, OR ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Boost Your Marks Via Assignment Help Online Services
From: "rickypauls" <rickypaul091(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 18, 2020
Obtaining outstanding marks in American universities is not duck soup. One needs to have hard dedication and time management for getting a desirable outcome. Are you studying at an American university? Are you seeking professional guidance for composing your assignments? If your answer is yes, then time to connect with online tutors and clear doubts easily. Take Online Assignment Help (https://www.greatassignmenthelp.com/) and discuss your concerns with professional academic writers. If you find something tough or have little knowledge about the topic, you can get proper knowledge from these writers. Ensure to collect enough details of a service provider before placing your order for Assignment Help Online (https://www.greatassignmenthelp.com/) services. Troll Google for more enhanced and improved outcomes for assignment related queries via assignment writing services. It may tough to write assignments on some topics but when you have experts assistance; you can finish your assignment before the due dates. -------- Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495357#495357 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: wireless internet jammer
From: "Londa Gloss" <londagloss(at)zoho.com.cn>
Date: Mar 19, 2020
Nowadays, the wireless internet jammer (http://www.jammerfromchina.com/categories/Wireless_Video%7B47%7DAudio_Jammers/) gains new application. It is found to be used widely in many other fields, such as public places, government buildings, examination halls, meeting rooms, theatres, courts, workshops, hospitals, churches and so on. When it applied in examination halls, it aims to prevent students from cheating in the exams, which ensures the justice and equity of examination condition. When it appears in government buildings, it aims to protect the confidential government information from being eavesdropping by criminals. It can also been seen in public places, theatres, workshops, churches for the purpose of maintaining a quiet environment. Wireless signal jammer is a necessity in hospital for some medical facilities may be interfered by wireless signal. Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495358#495358 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: china jammer
From: "Londa Gloss" <londagloss(at)zoho.com.cn>
Date: Mar 19, 2020
When people buying things online they will first consider where can I buy one and which shop is reliable for me to buy from? Yes this is really the aspects that people need to take into consideration. So before people buying clothes and other things online they will first scan many shops first then compare then and some people will also ask their friends about the advice to make a decision. Or if their friends have got the things that they are in need of high quality, they will gain the things the things directly from the shop. Also this is the same when people are need of the mobile phone signal jammers. And if you are hesitate where to gain one, why not come here www.jammerfromchina.com, a reliable china jammer (http://www.jammerfromchina.com/) supplier. Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495359#495359 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Diagnosing generator problems
From: "Randy C-GRPY" <rpulis(at)shaw.ca>
Date: Mar 19, 2020
Thank you Bob. The owner of the airplane was able to follow your advice and narrow the problem to the voltage regulator. All is well now with a new part installled. Regards Randy Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495367#495367 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 19, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Diagnosing generator problems
At 12:37 PM 3/19/2020, you wrote: > >Thank you Bob. > >The owner of the airplane was able to follow your advice and narrow >the problem to the voltage regulator. All is well now with a new >part installled. > >Regards >Randy I am pleased that he was able to find a suitable regulator. Fly comfortably . . . Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Best Website Designing Company in Delhi NCR, India
From: "jeewangarg" <jeewangarg2017(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 20, 2020
Jeewangarg.com is the best website designing company in India (https://www.jeewangarg.com/website-designing-company-delhi.html) and being best we endeavor to provide our clients with 100% satisfaction and for that we follow a different approach of working so that to make the websites purely unique and according to the requirements of the client, because we are well aware of the fact that a website is an imputation of the work that has to be performed through it. So, it must be deliberately acknowledged that the target is the sole determiner of the design of a website. We keep all the website development principles in mind and thereby reached the Platform of being the Best website designing company in NCR (https://www.jeewangarg.com/website-designing-company-delhi.html) as well as over India. -------- Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495369#495369 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Are Custom Writing Services Legit?
From: "Emma Velson" <emmavelson3(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 20, 2020
As a expert essay writer, Ive written for a few best essay writing service reviews. Ive additionally carried out for jobs at some dozen or so. I knock lower back 9 out of 10 task gives due to the fact the ones offers come from agencies who nicely, they just suck. Bad essay writing businesses are bad for writers, that's why they positioned out bad merchandise. These are the corporations that go away your friends and classmates reeling. They provide each person a bad name. Who are they and what makes them so terrible. These agencies falsely misrepresent themselves to every body both students and writers. And theres a few methods those misrepresentations alienate writers and in the end damage students. First, those businesses dont charge very tons. Because they dont charge an awful lot, they dont pay lots. And that right there's why you ought to keep away from them. No one that is ideal at their activity is willing to work for peanuts. So, the essays youll get from those shifty offerings are either going to be written by way of those who cant write an essay or via folks who dont care about writing an essay. Either manner, youll struggle to get something you can flip in. But its now not just about the pay. Theyre Impossible to Work With The way they do enterprise makes no sense. Theyre always hard to communicate with. Youll find you get infinite revisions due to the fact information wasnt conveyed the first time or theyre the usage of reasonably-priced software program or algorithms to study the essays. If you have got a problem as a creator, or as a pupil, youll struggle to speak to all people about it. For you, meaning you gained get a great paper. For us, it manner we receive a commission. Some corporations will without a doubt delete writers from their books and by no means pay out whats legitimately owed to them. They Have No Idea What Theyre Doing Let me inform you a story. I in short labored for such agencies again within the day when I had a debt to earnings ratio of stupid. I became taking money from whoever would deliver it to me. A reputedly nicely-paid task confirmed up in the queue at one enterprise that claimed to be run through university graduates from the UK, however was without a doubt in India. (Remember, I didnt care as long as they paid on time). It became easy, and I idea I ought to knock it out of the park in an hour. When the pupil submitted the order, they selected the option for the APA quotation fashion in the order form. However, within the files they uploaded, it changed into clear the project had to be in Harvard style. Now, due to the fact I even have eyes and reasonable studying comprehension, I finished the paper in Harvard fashion because the attachment asked it and because universities in that a part of the arena commonly use Harvard besides. I finished it, uploaded it, and hit ship. Feeling thrilled, I opened a bottle of reasonably-priced wine and organized to end up one with my couch. However, something software (or very worn-out human) they used to test my submission was mad that I didnt use APA, so it rejected my submission on the grounds of negative use of citations. There changed into nobody to give an explanation for the scenario to. And I wasnt going to exchange it all handiest to exchange it returned whilst the student decided they genuinely did want it in Harvard. (I also wasnt satisfied Harvard turned into an option on the order shape.) So, I permit it sit down and sent an e mail to customer service. I got a group of automatic replies. Then, I got a few vague threats approximately completing the venture. I ended up changing it and re-submitting it simplest to peer it rejected with the aid of the scholar because it wasnt in Harvard style. All in all, some thing tremendously easy ended up costing me a long way greater time because there was no way to speak with a human and because who ever constructed the web site has no idea how to write an essay. I did three assignments for them then bolted. I turned into a chunk desperate, however Im no longer silly. Click here (https://www.writingpapersucks.com/bestessays-com-review/). Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495370#495370 ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Tim Jennings <tjennings07(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 22, 2020
Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03/20/20
> > Hello. I have a SB1B-14 > https://bandc.com/product/standby-alternator-controller-14v-homebuilt/ > installed in my plane and previously used the supplied 12 volt incandescent > bulb as the annunciator. I recently cut a new panel and installed a 12 > volt LED bulb in place of the incandescent one. For some reason the led > does not light up. There was 11.8 volts at the led bulb but it would not > light up. On the bench power supply it lights up well below 10 volts. Per > the SB1B-14 product details "Note: low-voltage monitoring and warning > system designed for use with an incandescent lamp (supplied) only.". Is > there a simple way to make this work utilizing my led bulb on the panel? > Maybe wire the led bulb in series with the "hidden and out of sight" > incandescent bulb behind the panel? Thanks for your input. -- *- Tim Jennings* ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 22, 2020
From: Charles Kuss <chaskuss(at)yahoo.com>
Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03
Tim,=C2-LEDs operate on 3 volts or less. You cannot Supply an LED with mo re than 5 volts at the very maximum. Generally you have to install a resist or in the circuit to drop the voltage down to a safe level for the LED. Bot tom line is you've probably destroyed that LED. Charlie Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android On Sun, Mar 22, 2020 at 1:50 AM, Tim Jennings wrot e: Hello.=C2- I have a SB1B-14=C2-https://bandc.com/product/standby-altern ator-controller-14v-homebuilt/=C2- installed in my plane and previously u sed the supplied 12 volt incandescent bulb as the annunciator.=C2- I rece ntly cut a new panel and installed a 12 volt LED bulb in place of the incan descent one.=C2- For some reason the led does not light up.=C2- There w as 11.8 volts at the led bulb but it would not light up.=C2- On the bench power supply it lights up well below 10 volts.=C2- Per the SB1B-14 produ ct details "Note: low-voltage monitoring and warning system designed for us e with an incandescent lamp (supplied) only.".=C2- Is there a simple way to make this work utilizing my led bulb on the panel?=C2- Maybe wire the led bulb in series with the "hidden and out of sight" incandescent bulb beh ind the panel? Thanks for your input. -- - Tim Jennings ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 22, 2020
From: ashleysc(at)broadstripe.net
Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03/20/20
Hi Tim; Try reversing the leads to the LED. Mine only lights in one direction of current flow. Cheers! Stu. ----- Original Message ----- From: "Tim Jennings" <tjennings07(at)gmail.com> Sent: Saturday, March 21, 2020 10:28:18 PM Subject: AeroElectric-List: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03/20/20 Hello. I have a SB1B-14 https://bandc.com/product/standby-alternator-controller-14v-homebuilt/ installed in my plane and previously used the supplied 12 volt incandescent bulb as the annunciator. I recently cut a new panel and installed a 12 volt LED bulb in place of the incandescent one. For some reason the led does not light up. There was 11.8 volts at the led bulb but it would not light up. On the bench power supply it lights up well below 10 volts. Per the SB1B-14 product details " Note: low-voltage monitoring and warning system designed for use with an incandescent lamp (supplied) only. ". Is there a simple way to make this work utilizing my led bulb on the panel? Maybe wire the led bulb in series with the "hidden and out of sight" incandescent bulb behind the panel? Thanks for your input. -- - Tim Jennings ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 22, 2020
From: ashleysc(at)broadstripe.net
Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03
Hi Tim and Charlie; It's a complicated world out there. I have an LED that works on 12 volts. Don't know how that's accomplished, but Charlie has a good point. Need to find the intended voltage. Cheers! Stu. ----- Original Message ----- From: "Charles Kuss" <chaskuss(at)yahoo.com> Sent: Sunday, March 22, 2020 4:14:55 AM Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03 Tim, LEDs operate on 3 volts or less. You cannot Supply an LED with more than 5 volts at the very maximum. Generally you have to install a resistor in the circuit to drop the voltage down to a safe level for the LED. Bottom line is you've probably destroyed that LED. Charlie Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android On Sun, Mar 22, 2020 at 1:50 AM, Tim Jennings wrote:
Hello. I have a SB1B-14 https://bandc.com/product/standby-alternator-controller-14v-homebuilt/ installed in my plane and previously used the supplied 12 volt incandescent bulb as the annunciator. I recently cut a new panel and installed a 12 volt LED bulb in place of the incandescent one. For some reason the led does not light up. There was 11.8 volts at the led bulb but it would not light up. On the bench power supply it lights up well below 10 volts. Per the SB1B-14 product details " Note: low-voltage monitoring and warning system designed for use with an incandescent lamp (supplied) only. ". Is there a simple way to make this work utilizing my led bulb on the panel? Maybe wire the led bulb in series with the "hidden and out of sight" incandescent bulb behind the panel? Thanks for your input. -- - Tim Jennings
________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03/20/20
From: "johnbright" <john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Mar 22, 2020
Use an LED instead of incandescent volts warn light with B&C regulators. This from Aeroelectric files: http://aeroelectric.com/Pictures/Schematics/LR3_LV_Led_1.jpg -------- John Bright, RV-6A, at FWF, O-360 Single batt dual alt SDS EM-5-F. john_s_bright(at)yahoo.com, Newport News, Va Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495385#495385 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03
From: Dick Tasker <dick(at)thetaskerfamily.com>
Date: Mar 22, 2020
If you have an LED that works on 12V then it is an assembly that includes a resistor in series with the actual LED. These can be designed for any arbitrary voltage that is more than the minimum for the LED which is between 1.8 and 3.3 volts depending on the LED color. Just choose a resistor that limits the LED current to less than the maximum rating at the desired voltage. For instance, with a red LED, which runs drops 1.8V designed for a 10mA current would use a ohm resistor. (V/I = R : (12-1.8)/.01 = 666 ohms) Of course resistors come in discrete values so in this case you would probably use a 680 ohm resistor. One would also have to calculate the power rating required for the resistor. (V*I = P : (12-1.8)/.01 = 0.102). In this case just about any resistor you can buy will work, but to be safe use a 1/4 watt rated resistor. I may be wrong, but I seem to remember reading somewhere that the scheme you want to use works if you put a resistor in parallel with the 12V LED that simulates the load that the incandescent light provides to the circuit. For instance if it is a 2W light running from 12V you would use a 75 ohm resistor rated at for least 2W. (V*V/P = R : 12 * 12/2 = 72 ohms) You could also probably get away with a higher value resistor as well. Experiment. Dick Tasker ashleysc(at)broadstripe.net wrote: > Hi Tim and Charlie; > It's a complicated world out there. I have an LED that works on 12 volts. Don't know how that's accomplished, but Charlie has a good point. Need to find the intended voltage. > Cheers! Stu. > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > *From: *"Charles Kuss" <chaskuss(at)yahoo.com> > *To: *aeroelectric-list(at)matronics.com > *Sent: *Sunday, March 22, 2020 4:14:55 AM > *Subject: *Re: AeroElectric-List: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03 > > Tim, > LEDs operate on 3 volts or less. You cannot Supply an LED with more than 5 volts at the very maximum. Generally you have to install a resistor in the circuit to drop the voltage down to a safe > level for the LED. Bottom line is you've probably destroyed that LED. > > Charlie > > Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android > > > On Sun, Mar 22, 2020 at 1:50 AM, Tim Jennings > wrote: > > Hello. I have a SB1B-14 https://bandc.com/product/standby-alternator-controller-14v-homebuilt/ installed in my plane and previously used the supplied 12 volt incandescent bulb as the > annunciator. I recently cut a new panel and installed a 12 volt LED bulb in place of the incandescent one. For some reason the led does not light up. There was 11.8 volts at the led bulb > but it would not light up. On the bench power supply it lights up well below 10 volts. Per the SB1B-14 product details "Note: low-voltage monitoring and warning system designed for use with > an incandescent lamp (supplied) only.". Is there a simple way to make this work utilizing my led bulb on the panel? Maybe wire the led bulb in series with the "hidden and out of sight" > incandescent bulb behind the panel? Thanks for your input. > > -- > *- Tim Jennings* > > ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 22, 2020
From: ashleysc(at)broadstripe.net
Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03
Hi Dick; As you explain, my (red) LED must have a resistor in series. My other point was that mine had a pos. and neg. connection and wouldn't work if hooked up backwards. Cheers! Stu. ----- Original Message ----- From: "Dick Tasker" <dick(at)thetaskerfamily.com> Sent: Sunday, March 22, 2020 8:46:48 AM Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03 If you have an LED that works on 12V then it is an assembly that includes a resistor in series with the actual LED. These can be designed for any arbitrary voltage that is more than the minimum for the LED which is between 1.8 and 3.3 volts depending on the LED color. Just choose a resistor that limits the LED current to less than the maximum rating at the desired voltage. For instance, with a red LED, which runs drops 1.8V designed for a 10mA current would use a ohm resistor. (V/I = R : (12-1.8)/.01 = 666 ohms) Of course resistors come in discrete values so in this case you would probably use a 680 ohm resistor. One would also have to calculate the power rating required for the resistor. (V*I = P : (12-1.8)/.01 = 0.102). In this case just about any resistor you can buy will work, but to be safe use a 1/4 watt rated resistor. I may be wrong, but I seem to remember reading somewhere that the scheme you want to use works if you put a resistor in parallel with the 12V LED that simulates the load that the incandescent light provides to the circuit. For instance if it is a 2W light running from 12V you would use a 75 ohm resistor rated at for least 2W. (V*V/P = R : 12 * 12/2 = 72 ohms) You could also probably get away with a higher value resistor as well. Experiment. Dick Tasker ashleysc(at)broadstripe.net wrote: Hi Tim and Charlie; It's a complicated world out there. I have an LED that works on 12 volts. Don't know how that's accomplished, but Charlie has a good point. Need to find the intended voltage. Cheers! Stu. ----- Original Message ----- From: "Charles Kuss" <chaskuss(at)yahoo.com> Sent: Sunday, March 22, 2020 4:14:55 AM Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03 Tim, LEDs operate on 3 volts or less. You cannot Supply an LED with more than 5 volts at the very maximum. Generally you have to install a resistor in the circuit to drop the voltage down to a safe level for the LED. Bottom line is you've probably destroyed that LED. Charlie Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android
On Sun, Mar 22, 2020 at 1:50 AM, Tim Jennings wrote:
Hello. I have a SB1B-14 https://bandc.com/product/standby-alternator-controller-14v-homebuilt/ installed in my plane and previously used the supplied 12 volt incandescent bulb as the annunciator. I recently cut a new panel and installed a 12 volt LED bulb in place of the incandescent one. For some reason the led does not light up. There was 11.8 volts at the led bulb but it would not light up. On the bench power supply it lights up well below 10 volts. Per the SB1B-14 product details " Note: low-voltage monitoring and warning system designed for use with an incandescent lamp (supplied) only. ". Is there a simple way to make this work utilizing my led bulb on the panel? Maybe wire the led bulb in series with the "hidden and out of sight" incandescent bulb behind the panel? Thanks for your input. -- - Tim Jennings
________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 22, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: AeroElectric-List Digest: 2 Msgs - 03/20/20
At 10:24 AM 3/22/2020, you wrote: > > >Use an LED instead of incandescent volts warn light with B&C regulators. > >This from Aeroelectric files: > >http://aeroelectric.com/Pictures/Schematics/LR3_LV_Led_1.jpg > Yes. The B&C controllers need TWO resistors to orchestrate the incandescent to led conversion. This is because the LS-1 has special circuitry in the low volts warning circuit that causes the warning light to glow if power to to the control electronics is lost. A 'sneak' current resistor inside the controller is too small to cause an incandescent lamp to glow but LEDs are happy to let you know it's there. This feature is an artifact of some fuzzy thinking waaaayyy back when. We were doing this on accessories I designed in the 80's Actually, that feature could/should be removed from the line of B&C products that included it. In the mean time, the schematic John cited above is the work-around. I have updated that drawing to show TWO configurations for the conversion 1) DIY fabrication of the LV WARN fixture using a rudimentary LED bulb 2) incorporating an LED fixture already fitted with the necessary resistor for operation at your ship's system voltage. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Boost Your Marks Via Assignment Help Online Services
From: "oliviacrew" <oliviacrew012(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 22, 2020
livewebtutors website aims at providing the students with a one-stop solution for all the academic-related issues. The company has LiveWebTutors is an Online Assignment Help in Australia, Sydney, Melbourne and assignment writing service offering expert assignment help. Hire Australian assignment writing experts and get Excellent Grades in your Class. For More Info: Finance Assignment Help (https://www.livewebtutors.com/homework-help/finance) Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495391#495391 ________________________________________________________________________________
Subject: Re: Revisiting a REALLY handy tool . . .
From: "blues750" <den_beaulieu(at)yahoo.com>
Date: Mar 23, 2020
I wish I had seen this early in my wiring endeavors! Related question to the topic...is there a "best" temperature setting for the heat gun when doing solder sleeve connections? Thanks for posting this Bob - stay healthy!! Dave Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=495395#495395 ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 23, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: Revisiting a REALLY handy tool . . .
At 09:59 AM 3/23/2020, you wrote: > >I wish I had seen this early in my wiring endeavors! Related >question to the topic...is there a "best" temperature setting for >the heat gun when doing solder sleeve connections? Thanks for >posting this Bob - stay healthy!! > >Dave Wide open . . . You'll begin to feel sorry for the wire and shrink before the solder flows inside. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Alec Myers <alec(at)alecmyers.com>
Subject: curl your own cables
Date: Mar 23, 2020
If you have a bunch of PVC jacket cables strung around the pilot=99s seat, you might be able to tidy things up by spiral coiling them. Here are two cables I wrapped around i) a pencil and ii) a marking pen, secured the ends with some tape, then heated with a hot air gun for a couple of minutes. (Don=99t let them melt.) Leave plenty of time to cool, then untape. Presto-hey, stretchy coils: Stay well, everyone ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 23, 2020
From: "Robert L. Nuckolls, III" <nuckolls.bob(at)aeroelectric.com>
Subject: Re: curl your own cables
At 12:03 PM 3/23/2020, you wrote: >If you have a bunch of PVC jacket cables strung >around the pilot=99s seat, you might be able to >tidy things up by spiral coiling them. > >Here are two cables I wrapped around i) a pencil >and ii) a marking pen, secured the ends with >some tape, then heated with a hot air gun for a >couple of minutes. (Don=99t let them melt.) >Leave plenty of time to cool, then untape. Presto-hey, stretchy coils: > >Stay well, everyone > >[] > > Cool! . . . or should I say 'toasty'? I'm fairly certain that manufactured coil-cords go through a similar process. If you look at the inside surfaces of the coils, you see a 'flat' suggesting that at some time, the outer jacket of the cord was wrapped around a warm cylinder that shaped the jacket. Bob . . . ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 23, 2020
From: Ernest Christley <echristley(at)att.net>
Subject: Headset repair
I've got a pair of Telex Echelon's, and the mic has stopped working on them .=C2- Even though they're 20 years old, they are in excellent shape other than the mic.=C2- Does anyone know where could I find replacement parts or information on how to repair the mic? ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Sebastien <cluros(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 23, 2020
Subject: Re: Headset repair
https://telex.com/aviation-solutions/support-and-services/repair-and-exchange/ Telex has an excellent repair center. I'd start with them. On Mon, Mar 23, 2020, 12:51 Ernest Christley wrote: > I've got a pair of Telex Echelon's, and the mic has stopped working on > them. Even though they're 20 years old, they are in excellent shape other > than the mic. > > Does anyone know where could I find replacement parts or information on > how to repair the mic? > ________________________________________________________________________________
From: Charlie England <ceengland7(at)gmail.com>
Date: Mar 23, 2020
Subject: Re: Headset repair
On Mon, Mar 23, 2020 at 2:51 PM Ernest Christley wrote: > I've got a pair of Telex Echelon's, and the mic has stopped working on > them. Even though they're 20 years old, they are in excellent shape other > than the mic. > > Does anyone know where could I find replacement parts or information on > how to repair the mic? > Not familiar with that particular model, but back when I was using OTE headsets, just about every company used the same 'footprint' mic. I've had good luck just hitting up one of the less-than-major headset companies for a replacement. I've even gotten one for free, IIRC. See if this link matches what you have: https://www.ebay.com/itm/1-Vtg-ASTRCOM-10927-Aircraft-Aviation-Wire-Frame-Boom-Microphone-for-Headset/273614720674?hash=item3fb4b54ea2:g:~dkAAOSw0HlbwiXj All the versions I've seen have a 2 pin plug on the mic cord that plugs into the mic and is then secured with 2 set screws. I just searched for 'aviation headset replacement microphone'. Here's a link from Pilot Mall for one that's a bit more expensive: https://www.pilotmall.com/products/pilot-usa-david-clark-h10-76-conversion-kit-pa-75-pa-5x?_pos=17&_sid=5ee04d448&_ss=r Notice that it's identical, even though it's a replacement for a different headset. Most (not all) have a gain adjustment trimpot accessible through a hole somewhere on the mic. You might need to adjust the gain to match what your old one put out before it died. Note that these are typically *gain* pots for the internal amplifier for electret condenser mic; not volume controls. Charlie ________________________________________________________________________________
Date: Mar 23, 2020
From: Ernest Christley <echristley(at)att.net>
Subject: Re: Headset repair
I don't think those mics would work, Charlie. I'm going to try to attach a picture of what I have. I was able to use the online chat to get an email f rom Telex tech support. The email bounced.=C2-=C2- Sent from AT&T Yahoo Mail on Android On Mon, Mar 23, 2020 at 5:41 PM, Charlie England wr ote: On Mon, Mar 23, 2020 at 2:51 PM Ernest Christley wrote : I've got a pair of Telex Echelon's, and the mic has stopped working on them .=C2- Even though they're 20 years old, they are in excellent shape other than the mic.=C2- Does anyone know where could I find replacement parts or information on how to repair the mic? Not familiar with that particular model, but back when I was using OTE head sets, just about every company used the same 'footprint' mic. I've had good luck just hitting up one of the less-than-major headset=C2-companies for a replacement. I've even gotten one for free, IIRC. See if this link match es what you have:https://www.ebay.com/itm/1-Vtg-ASTRCOM-10927-Aircraft-Avia tion-Wire-Frame-Boom-Microphone-for-Headset/273614720674?hash=item3fb4b54 ea2:g:~dkAAOSw0HlbwiXjAll the versions I've seen have a 2 pin plug on the m ic cord that plugs into the mic and is then secured with 2 set screws. I just searched for 'aviation headset replacement microphone'.=C2- Here's a link from Pilot Mall for one that's a bit more expensive: https://www.pilotmall.com/products/pilot-usa-david-clark-h10-76-conversion- kit-pa-75-pa-5x?_pos=17&_sid=5ee04d448&_ss=r Notice that it's identical, even though it's a replacement for a different headset. Most (not all) have a gain adjustment trimpot accessible through a hole som ewhere on the mic. You might need to adjust the gain to match what your old one put out before it died. Note that these are typically *gain* pots for the internal amplifier for electret condenser mic; not volume controls. Charlie /9j/4QlPRXhpZgAATU0AKgAAAAgADAEyAAIAAAAUAAAAngEQAAIAAAAGAAAAsgEAAAQAAAABAAAE BgITAAMAAAABAAEAAAEoAAMAAAABAAIAAAEBAAQAAAABAAACYAEbAAUAAAABAAAAuAESAAMAAAAB AAEAAAExAAIAAAANAAAAwIdpAAQAAAABAAAA3QEaAAUAAAABAAAAzQEPAAIAAAAIAAAA1QAACPUy MDIwOjAzOjIzIDE5OjQ3OjQzAEU2ODEwAAAAAEgAAAABNS41NzJWWi4xMy5jAAAAAEgAAAABS1lP Q0VSQQAAJqABAAMAAAABAAEAAJAEAAIAAAAUAAACq4KdAAUAAAABAAACv6QMAAMAAAABAAAAAJIK AAUAAAABAAACx5ICAAUAAAABAAACz5IIAAMAAAABAAAAAKQCAAMAAAABAAAAAKADAAQAAAABAAAJ JKQFAAMAAAABABoAAKQBAAMAAAABAAAAAJIFAAUAAAABAAAC16QGAAMAAAABAAAAAKMBAAcAAAAB AQAAAKQEAAUAAAABAAAC36QJAAMAAAABAAAAAIgiAAMAAAABAAIAAKQKAAMAAAABAAAAAKQDAAMA AAABAAAAAKACAAQAAAABAAAQQJIBAAoAAAABAAAC55IHAAMAAAABAAIAAJADAAIAAAAUAAAC76MA AAcAAAABAwAAAJEBAAcAAAAEAQIDAKQHAAMAAAABAAAAAJIGAAUAAAABAAADA5IJAAMAAAABABgA AJAAAAcAAAAEMDIyMJECAAUAAAABAAADC6QIAAMAAAABAAAAAJIEAAoAAAABAAADE5IDAAoAAAAB AAADG4gnAAMAAAABAH0AAKIXAAMAAAABAAIAAKAAAAcAAAAEMDEwMJJ8AAcAAAXKAAADI4KaAAUA AAABAAAI7QAAAAAyMDIwOjAzOjIzIDE5OjQ2OjIzAAAAAMgAAABkAAABZAAAAGQAAADIAAAAZAAA AMgAAABkAAAAZAAAAGQAAAH6AAAAZDIwMjA6MDM6MjMgMTk6NDY6MjMAAAAAAAAAAAABHPvwAJSJ AAAAAAAAAAADAAAArQAAAGQAEPAAAAcAAAEAAAAAwvABAAMAAAABAAAAAPACAAMAAAABAAAAAPAD AAMAAAABAAEAAPAEAAkAAAABAAAAAPAFAAMAAAABAAAAAPAGAAMAAAABAAAAAPAHAAMAAAABAAAA APAIAAUAAAABAAABwvAJAAMAAAABAP8AAPAKAAMAAAABAAAAAPALAAMAAAABAAAAAPAMAAMAAAAB AAAAAPANAAcAAAACAAAAAPAOAAcAAAADCQkJAPAPAAQAAAEAAAAByhApEwEAAAYAAATAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAABLAJkMAIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAAAABAgIjSiQgAAgEADwAAAAAAAAAACci IgBv5AAAByAhSyNKFyYAhgEuAvEGAOgAcQAAAwm9/3sAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA+wAAATUBIQAAfGlh aGBcWVFMQTUrJB4bGRcXFhUUExYaHB4dGxoZGRkaHB0dHh0dHR0bGRgaHh8fHx4dHBsYFhUTERAP DxAPDQwMDA0MDAwMDAwLCwoKCQkJCQkICAcHBwcIBwgICAgIBwcHBwYGBQUEBAMDAwICAgICAgIC AwIDAgMEBQcQGv8AAAABAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHUwAA9CQAAFARsABQAAAAEAAAk3AQMAAwAAAAEABgAAAhMAAwAA AAEAAQAAASgAAwAAAAEAAgAAARoABQAAAAEAAAk/AAAAAAAAAEgAAAABAAAASAAAAAH/4AAQSkZJ RgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAMCAgMCAgMDAwMEAwMEBQgFBQQEBQoHBwYIDAoMDAsKCwsNDhIQDQ4R DgsLEBYQERMUFRUVDA8XGBYUGBIUFRT/2wBDAQMEBAUEBQkFBQkUDQsNFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQU FBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBT/wAARCAJgBAYDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QA HgAAAQQDAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAABQIDBAYAAQcICQr/xABEEAABAwMDAgQEBAMHAwQCAQUBAgMEAAUR BhIhMUETIlFhBxQycRUjgZFCocEIM1Kx0eHwFiRiCUNy8Rc0JYIYJkRT/8QAGwEAAgMBAQEAAAAA AAAAAAAAAQIAAwQFBgf/xAArEQACAgIDAAMAAwABBAMBAAAAAQIRAyEEEjETIkEFMlEUFTNCYSNS cUP/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/APTdxtLjEz/vWspSnLb6ev2NMt3JUR0stEKyMnIyDR1q6B8FEtXiNbcc 9vahd1sqLa981EcTLS4kbm0Zykf61402lY1DoKNqyG402+7bpSyFJLBwlR6+YU1ammUoZt8+L8lP ZHhl9fCHcdxmrZGabkMoIUtKk9jwRSZsRiYPDlNfMDngnkfY0UyFcbZAS60rD8V7KHWXBuSpPeoM VUzRTDws7jj0BSgVQnjwnnqmj8WGm3NqbayuMTlSTypP60tUVtxC8FKk9getEZCoV8t+om2zFc2T EeVxhfCga1Kjrhr3Op2YGTkVXJGjG7hKWtby4Ug/3Mlg4IV2BNPK1XcLe+IGqUBGD4Tc1kZQpOOC qg1YQ43HjXJpRdSHW1pKVd8iqbfNGSNPBUizrD8YpCnIzhIx/wDE+tF3o0lKPnLZKCmkY3ITylQ9 RjpRC1XNjUDchhKy3LaI3tODBwfT1pdohWdO3J56MiRGV4akHBZJ6HvkU5MeZu9wUQlDM76vKMEe 9E5eicvFaHFxlBfiBbRxu9jUOd4CnPDnochPpISmQyjIV9z2qqQ9kF6fOgxER7kvxUJO5Do9PQim xbkTWPnIR2Z4IT196KPJbfwl4pfbxt3DoaEttOWOS4qKCuG59TWOB9qRZJR8GK5cbFAjqS8zFRHm JWFrWkYDh9TRe0a9TBkphyVIS659KVfV68UZkJiXmEhxGDjseCKqmotEOz2Q/wCGCUj8uQ2nztH1 Bq+M/kVSBR0FF+bmsJ3bd3YipDMFNwaVwFZ4ANcl0qzcrVKMe4uKeT5UNOnovPXNdKjyZlocwkAK HJSeR+lIouDtMDVlce0NL07qBu7WCWqJKaWVKjr/ALt31GO1WNr4jx7qTaNQQlWm6eJ+S24CULB/ iz0NFk3pi8N4UhIeHfuKrmomIkllX4kylzghDh+pBPGc9q3wy3plDVD12+HFv/Efm0r8CUoBaFtK wPv6UIQtcJtxic2XwtWPFSnIxQ25K1DpfTsd6NvvVsCgG3Qv8xA54PBJ/wCfpOtOr2ZccpeQU7+M K7Gi434Sg7ZdXp002YsglyGoflPoBOw56Gpesl2PVFsbVKhCW+2g+E+ng/rVcuUBJh5CdzSzyQMi q+5dHNFwfmmm1y4qV7zH6n14rLKFO0QqF3+GdxjRBdbelyXDjublhKvzkH2H7ftVj0l8aZrLUO2X h0C3Kd2tyTneAeiVDFHdFaukSJr14huuOw5agpcdSeEjunH/ADvSfiH8J4WsIUibaXUNO5CyylIA PtitWPNf0yBouN6tka+RkPr2qju8tSmD/MEVTbrMn6RktvOlUi1dPmQkqUhXYKA7VSLXdr98OEG2 tvKmQTla4bys7D/iQff0rp+i9YxtZW1xEZQS6jh+K7jdn3SetJkx9Nx2gibTruDek7CpqRjGVDkc +1NXSwRpClKabQUPcEYyk+1R778OmZcwzrC0mNNc/vGEkIQv1NVS0a9ehKfs93kJjXCO9wypJCyO xFLHH23EYkTNOSbJM+YgrdjLUAlaUfSQPUURsWuGNQuv26dCSJjHlUvkBQ9asttvlsvjBbeQoSuM FJG00GvNgdhz1PxUILe3Cs/V/lSuP4yGag0k5MtywlJXEPZs8prmqDdtH3B+TFW5cISgEOW5xRAK e+OtdDi6knwHVNhWEcDIUcg/apEqNGva0vvIAeHBUgYz96rhlyYXbeg1Zy/Veirfr+EzP0+83Gns LDzltlK8NSVA8jn7dKE228z4bioc6GqDcWzgjnCvQ9KvuoNHsvFLzAVHloVlElrhQ9M0Lk3X/uY9 u1A0pyQtASxcEN5GewUeldXHzFkVSFeP/AWy9LgvJlQnEwpiBnLJOxX6VZU67tHxFW7YL1GYh3AI BMhY4X2oQIq7VPSJkdb8Mr8NameSB6io95+DH/Uzr10slwdYmY3stOJABx2PcfpVGSMHLQ6tBGT8 N73oiBKkQnTItoTvQUp3lX2xTWmdbR7yhyItDkSa0cFpwYz6/aoGj/ixcNKv/wDTGo48iU0le10L BUtA749RV4vegLB8QGxIszghXJ0FTbqTtKFDsodaoljcX/6D2AMq0W68uBMplTctsEsvteVST65q TFvFyssmPGuKFOMKThuQBjdj1qsK/wCptPvuM6k2rU24GWpDIIQU+p9PWpc6/Xa1yojtwZTcLCPM XEJypIxjr7daf4rQexb1aqeiNL+W8MuHBDbvIPrQaeuHqPxjsQ28nkxljyq9waD3mEpEb8TtMtV0 gL3OFsDzsJ+w5OP6VlnuMgWxqZ4CbnBWolTzPDrPXgj+dP8ABNfaAGwHddIxZjMxhKvAnNtl1lK1 7AVdgD/pWmfiTerLbW4Gp2k3CKWw2l4DIbwMA/t6elX5MSHeYTbjqG5ifqbdQfMg/p/Whl708Lha 34shhMthScoVt8zZrXjyprrkKmRF2K1ajtpRbH2pkUEfkjIcQevFDl22dYdyJLAuFnWk7sjc61x/ PHNU+wWV/wCHM92U5cHmITzoU1JB3eD1ASonpXSNNa9aVJeN3aK4zwAbktJ3Nuk+3YUuWDj9obQY z/GU/R734Vf2HbaUTLAoKS4wvyqTxwCPvRtdvbYuTt106stSVE+JGScAp9BRi4aNTGkKuNoQqLLP 5oZJ/KcB9QP86FW+W7LccKUott1azvjHOD9vasfzd1s0LaLTpPVSJGPHS9GuG/aW3B5VjHv1o9It bUgOrQ2hvxRgt9EknuKGm1xpzTStgblIAUFI4Oe9LcdfiMFh7eUn6V46Vy+/3tDUA7hOuuj4xMhp q5Q3EKLjK07l4B6AH9fv+lc31HoXTWvLmi76YfXpy/cLMdY2pWv0Hb2rqQZRNcDzx8ZTSSlBPUDv mgN10aq6SnFW5DYktp8Twwrbk+1dbDnkltlTic4078RtSWe+SLTeLlJYcYX/AHK1flr9SBj/ACrp c98XO0KcbjpeLyfN5gpBH6dKp14djyGVR9T2dSnWyAHlpwtsffvQ2euTodtpy1JW/aFqyRv4weef etUoQzfZaZX4Gk6Rv1kcS9bHDLs+d7rChlTWepSf6URtsmNJW4lxQUQChbZBHJH+tHvh98QrXqa2 piK3sSFKAXgcIPYHP2qXqzRBudxbucIpjXZJAcBOEPo759D71RJdvrkQ6bK1YVS7cl6A00W/4gtQ ykj0Boozcwt9Db45Qc7T0NAmdTpZuCoE9lceSnoFfxJz9ST3FFZEZiQ066gIffUMIf7o9xVTwJbR bYM1X8PYV8mpurMdMWUOUPJONpxxg+ntQzTfxIuWkbou1amhJl250eGiUrKwD261YrfqL5xJtUhv c5GQkrWOCrrg4os1aGZ9ueD8JqVFdO0hxOcD700X1A2Vi5aARqWzrnWGe2pLm7LKcDn0x61XNO3B yAgxJbC0usK2lKxhSfUj2qdO0tcfhvdGL1YX5Em0IyHom/PhZOfp74/4etE7NedN69geC86qNd9x O8kBShnjB9M1pTUhR1h+FdS4mOztKVBKioDJ4p62wWrC1MVGSn80ALbdTkdc8VXpNvn6HmvOyfmN pXuJQjIOOnQccUaia+s+porq1Icju7vDCNuSfesM1OMrvQ8WAb2Hg+qZa0obfB3mN0Q56/Y0/pLW zV3T4UuOplzcUKYdOOncHvVgZgtTiiOtASlPnCykA/cmhN208WSA2wh1Ta94dQMqH2xQ2yywsIQZ ZwkKZ3cpDhPI9qiyWnYykq3Jc4z5aHwL9IhSG2ri4ZcIjO9eco9BRlLjLc8qbR8xCz0TnpijTDYJ kPZJKFlDhH8J5FQJa5qJMWOZAcQVBa3UeXGOgOasF409FkNNzor6W5B8uBykj0PpVZbvDTLzltvL QiSXsJYePKFenPv0/UU78Cgq/ckXGe3FlhCdqseK2cgUMuVgbiPGalRmRUkICh1T6nFRXbO5AQp1 IJSpfHOR6YFEIz8Z5pBDrqHkDBax5Ffeqtkqyci6PpaBjOeK3xltR4+1D3JiW2FOFQSM8hQ6GtQo S5kvehz5Z1KSotnoseorc15UbIU3gnqMcVbGf4xWiRBdTcGVpWCy6BlPoqksNONz2ltr2LQc0MQT JTuSVDj+E4IpQdfiOB1xCiMEZpxR+6WBq+P+IHlQLgF7kOp4bV67qH2dd4sc5xuYEJVnKXGl70Lq 0QnWZkJtSjtcPVJ6ikOwFBvyArR1+1Kw2RrnfGJspBUyGnikDyDAJpqbZWLrC2vN70Hjg9Kydaw+ CcEFIJykcigVkuU/TMR9ue27LaW4VeIlP0D29qSNjEO4PStKuoUwTJSpYbU09ylQ+9Erfc2Jalrj pKSOqFHp+tFpAh3pojh5KwCMHkVXFaedsK4zbJU6mQpX5xVnBznBq2iFniXXYja4BjPApmcsSkK8 NZZdHKVAd/ehMhJS20FqV4jSs5SrHPocVpEuU+9vWCoH0FLQGZLLM+Uhq6srjOhADcyOAEZz396W XZzE2Qm4Jb+Ub2hl9s5Cxjv71IRJamqcjKcayhO9SFnrRSEuOlrY2346VpHiNOjjPtTXQpFffYkp Q6U7Xh1I6EemKjs+ErclshCDztIwM1Kfs+9TjzCEoHUo/oKGuRUOI8xUgYwdvWk7sIO1VpJiWwiQ WFENeb8s459eOtMWeXIgsbZ20M5Abfzz9lCpcTV8y2ykW6a0ZFsCT4byAcfZZ/nReNb2p8YLYbC0 L59Umnu1sHomNPblp270uJzwsHI+1R7xZWJBbWpIcKemOxqELW5a3liIAlBVvU0sHr3xUhq9MrkL YbcG8clsnzVll/6LKBvztw0qVvRiuVHcKQppJIKB3PvRtm427Udu3NKKJwVwSccUyJGXA4lO1Xp1 qDL0+i4q8ZomO8jzJWyNpzVKTsDJBYdaCg6cnsodqks3J+LHW06sORlp69x96FuT5VtKW5aC4hZw FipanA6nKQCPQ1thJoUyOhl6G/JYw8hIJUWxnGOvSoNjvMe+pe+Qf3+CPOhQ2n+dLb8NM8sxZqob qgCpKOAr2p686Otk8MSUT3IdwBwpxtOMj+tWySmgofjlKshZwSc4Pao8+3bmlFp1TaiQfLjmqmm+ XPTja2b2gSoyX8Jnx08lJ6ApFW6FLaks/lvpWnOARVCx0PZFctrVzY+UlAIacOCokjn700+btYG1 MvIVdLanyrbX2T2wftRVbSSnnoabfQrwA1uUtrqQTmr40hXsq0i2MlRftDm6IUZXCc+ttWeTnuKi G2pdakORCp5baCtxlYAUPYetFrrYtykvw3zHfzygdFD0oah5Dz219nwJQGPFT/EPetSlYhDbjLSv ehWxOOQoc1NXdn/ARHISWgcnjmn3Fp8UsPI2lWCh1PIP3qNPgrhqAdwAr+JJB/ekaTJZpQYU/wDM MHwHVAJVjoalRpxeYSzISN5WQCT1FAiFtFBUkrjq5DiTk1LYlIaBzudb9xgilcGMmFXoRT5kEFJ6 gc0IEp2I+4PMgA/QaJQru0p1LaSkoI5Hep0+2QLwgNl1TS1DaFgcjPvSq4h9K380iQ8TuHienenY 1sVJlEH6dpOM9a2nTibXMcYeBcxwl7v+tPuociI8UJUW0nClgcD71Y52L1JTLICEo3bgnnae1akW diQgLaLiXCPN96VGSmQA5g7h3qa7MEFlC3EKWknG5Cc4qr9GoBMh2G8lt4hSRyMjrUiREadPjNpC HSMcdCKnSGk3Jha2fOlIyQoYNBipyKsqDiltg/QoDgVbZBTMiRDWErGUE9c9qO/NNS4q23FbgsYS SehoSp5Dje5IC055BFR1JCFBTYIGOh5obEJTtvMdRKcLT6jpSU3FEfyhwEdSM9Kkw3vmWdm8IVnl KqamQY6gAEJSsnzKHcVW42Q2i6MSMqCgrPGU4qM+PFGc4+1BBAZ07IS46l4xnXBuKOcZooJDSlFb ZV4WeN4wcUVjT9FehyNy55iSBxipqGsgraVscTnBzitvCIq1hxtCmZKed2cpc/Sm21PMQg8+ytLK jt8UDKR+tN8aRCVHu/jsCJPbbUjdw7jzJ+xpqVZ2HSQwpO3+EdK0wlqQFHcFY4FR7pDkqQCwst8c LSM4PrVL+o62QHGlJWQtBSQccisorb5zDMdCLmwZboGAoHbmsqvuWn0XjXISJrkWSz8pLAyUK6L+ 1ENzkZzaoEY7Go12t6ZTTTFwQrxkgeHKbOFIPrmoDl7cscswb8ve04opYuSTkHjgKxWdo5aDzkZU 5IXGG5w8EJNC2FS0OuMSmVMuJJwSOCKZakuRHw4hZSCcoWk8K9xR43FN7jlDytj+OFdiaUJV7sVI bUWHAmQrokdF+xoNFu5L3huR1x3c4IPQmrG7ZZESQQ+kk/UD/CR7UPvcYPxDsQFPlxPn7o9xTJhQ ThlQSoOpIOc8im7myzc4yor6UvNKydqhmhqL5cY7KYk3EhnPkkKHmH3NPRmXdxXu3snooHNAYGQp 0jQCkpajm4WhRHitEZKR2I+1HnBZNQD8asiiiSPKpG3bj9KYfiKkJUVKyj/CB3oGrTDtvW9ItEhU Z576scpPfBFRkLQZK22SX0qBSOeM0JZuMLUbSlM4dQDscbWnBB9xT9i1Ei+n5W44gzkDYPEGA6od 0mo0myIiTvHiIDLpIK9nAXg9/WhRAYNNyLT4ykOKeiqUVJbX1T7CmXZbrLGWU70/xo7ij69SQ7wu Qlll2I+yraplxJAPun2oeIsWY4osEodTytHSi4jJldStMhBRuKM/pUJrVFzsqQ1JCXI6FHCkDOB7 ijV0swbQotbkuDnINBE3OM4BFnJQZA5z2UM8VFFDWREajt10fcbU434mclCecf6Udtep5GmZTqH0 fitrcbGOMqbJ/pVV1Dp2PDfXcLWwhLhSFlodFHuBUKDraJHU2iYFRXVH+7dSeP8AamlHRDpIt5uM p5+3vBtCUhY9U57Gh7mqGmJKrRd20B5QG1RHkWCeOabtK0MzhOiSFYdR50pPlWKn3ayW+7Tm7iVb 8pCHI7qc7fcVjumShDDirI8G4yg7GyVllzlHPXA/agmoLbHmrFwtLKI0pZJfj4whZ9vei1z0+/Z3 vnIsn8Qtik8Lxyg9waHpUzIQlbLqS2s8HNaoZa9F6laZ1Y5bITzS0OFsklcdR+kj/DVlgsW27xWR EkfPpeaC9qR5m1Y5BFRbxY2bk2FJ2hzGN+3vXKmrpePhjf3XXHd0ZzOVspIKPT+XauhBRyrXojVF 6cdlfDSS7NisLlWxST4sZAzt/SrRprVrOo4CJ8IqRHf/AICeU+oNALD8R7drKzKTMdafUD4YeZT5 v/6s/pUdmE3oG4MuMhbtseAcUmMMtpB7+3+9Vy4/bT9FLvIj2+8LTElsoUlRBLgHmT+tcz1volzT N0F006XytJ3eM0CMY7EDrXRre9EuEFq4xlgodJAB+ofpRCFPMd07FZB4Ug8g/ekSnhdfgxy+w/GG eu8txry2IbiQlLchonw1n1PoelXe6aetmr2X3pwBnLQfCkttpznHqKA680barkVOQGTHkqUA42r6 D9vSq3pvV03QV2cg3KK7Kt+3clxThO1XYA9MVock12jpkH34lx0M23IfivuMDAVJHTr396vMHWUO bDRh4SGFcBY5x96kM3SJquC5GjhM5p1nc6z/AIM+ooHbtDM2RBRESEMrVuW2o5/Sq3JTX2CF3bTF leI/HfbKyBhPvQ4CVa3HSQVMqwdm2gt0s0zSC3JlpcU5HUN7kZw5wf8Ax/nU6y6yi3JA3rSsbQVI JyoH3rDkj/hYtEmRI/EEAtK8PPX1FOzdNmdZG0hfjgqytC05PHQipbti/EoplWtYUAPMgHkGkW+5 PRCGX8pWkcpz3rKk4u0OUZu0P2BbjAD0iPvK8Oq3FJ9B7VYtOX1uWQuK/wCG42raUHqMe1WeQuNK SCWkhw9F98elA77okKYVcbKtuPc04JbV9Dw9D7+/+1bYzU19gNEu92C2axDip8Bpq4bQETmRtcBH Q5rkGpYOsvhbfodySgu2cA7prOSgc8JX2HrXVbXqN9hDES8M/h81I8zahkY7YNFGryzdYUyKktzY TwLT7KwFJX7VZDkfF9XtFLQFsXxStmrLaxC1AxHWJKAUuYwlYI6g/rVb1X8OtQWNPj2B8S7OlYV8 i8QpK0qPUHvWr58JFXtSxYlJa2IJRBXx+xpjSOsJ+nnharg89IfjHw1xJOQtOO3v96sm1/aAEcwv 065aZujrtlU5GeRwu3rGBnIyP2o5pbXFj1OpbdonrseoykF6I4lKWFkdRVs+MGl4/wARLbHuum0f h12hr/NbACS4juD6/wA64VftJt3mU1K4tN+ikJEhhOFKGedw710uPkU40xWztukb5GW6tt5Tltu7 S8ltAyh1Pf8ASrrGm/nIVnaV8J7Zrz8dVLtIgQrw+25KKSiPL8PbkgcJUaNjUk2UxF3yHAWlZQUK wf8Aely8TtuIvbZ2KdZIdzhyGXmkkrG1ba05SsHsa5zqX4YzNMxA/b0KkWlxBQqIXPMgnujnp7e3 7GNNfExD8tcS6teEyoYTMGQpJx3FGWdcRIlwQm7oVKtBBSl9HIzWGM8uF9WO0mc501qnU2hGi4pL V1grSMtKVvdbSD6da6PKmWD4g2hu5MviLNQjyOMgJWD6Ed+aBavtMOK3LvGmUiZHcaKylHKhjrxX KtLvXC06ulz4raH4StqnGVr2pyeuAOnerJ4lmXaPoYy66Ow2q9SLR4aLmhaSkY8b+FXvVwtt2ZuT RxtW2RnIORiq/btS6e1Op1hbYQ2EYchyiAvBHJT64NAjb5uh4yp1vfflWWS6UBpSd5SB6fauXLDJ O6NHZF0maTethE+M8HGXgcsj+E1UdQWCfPWmdaZLkS4xiVpSVlKFjoQf6GrRp/W0S5QWXoz2SVFK mlggpPofvUmWlEoq8JYYdVznHSlVx9DdgNu427WlvkW27MfJXhpgBS3Rg57lOeuKr10+H100xFEh UxUu3LwBwC2o45yKs15tkTUKjar6PkLg2CYdwYPKwenNQbdcbpodpqFe23LraEpBTKSoq2jOBuHQ /wD1WyGRrwRo5lqbSb9xSmbp+cLTO2lTjKU4SvHTaen6VbLB8W0swLbZr9DejXhpHh/NEkoeOT7f 1roNx0FB1NDTP0/PaIUkqMbPVR5A46VyjU1rakSC1qJuRFfjZCXNvKT6Z4zWtSU1UhS7XjT9i1g2 yZrKm5DastTGF4KfvVMuse56LkAFtU+KpRCHWTkH7jtxWaW/ENL/AC4Q6blEU5vO5eQlHsatV1Qx qO2zG2nwl54Hw0JPmBpE3F1+BBSYke8RjIYUq3TXGgE+XJWfSnoUmfborbch9QKCdyM8E1FhWqfG 8Ft5txLiQEhR6KqW6VtlxL4StKQQQsc5oSVjEkTTLi852uEhQByDVJ1V8No1ybQ/AJhTGleIiQzx lXbNHUeLb0ocRl+PyVJQMkCpltv0R8rQp4qbOBuSMlJ9CKz3KD0NRXbF8V7npyQLBru1KfcB/Jnk b0ONj19Djtx3qZefh/anoRu2m5KPCec8YtIc6p74qzy48e6xPAkNNyWykgFaQTig9viDTytkE+Ay pOwskZTj2p3NtD0gHbbvL8Yx31KLg4KVHzAVaLRMXEuKHQA4kDJQrntTcmExLSpaWfziB+an6qDr U5GlOqWHWAygEuY8p570gQwrT7V1bm+FJbiysbktK6LPpQ6M1O05IdjyWlIASDvONqknrg0qTc4D 7jCJKXIzq/Mh5JO1f2NFHkqTG/7hsusFOxLnX+dOtgASpqXpGIyClJ+pH9aVqSXb7jY2IsuMkuKd CUuOY4B96Wlg2u4IksNh2NsKVtk85Pelz4DN2sj0ZamwN29Pidc+gp+obKhcrRdtMMBxmQm4wWyX FozlaU/+PrjrTtpuEW8R0yY7gXjIPGD+3aj0RmXBjOIebS42kgqcHYe9MXHTjDjqbjAR4K1AhQSk BK/UUeug2Msz0sqAfZUjzYSoVIuK1z4gVsCkjgEdQKhwPAuEgRpDiYzgyAXDgE/rUZ10wbmhjK2V jOEqBAUPUetVuAbERj8iULWCtknBI7CrOybRqKK8YbymZLaeA5jDg7iq/JjsTY7hQrCsHapPQGht tjzI6kqceQHUq48MYBHbNPFpeiP0OuQyy+WwSw8jB2mplnuTb0pMaRJMRZyCr+E/ehs6T+KJWmed sogfmI8pA9qQPklxVtyUO4xhDyfX3NF0/ABd6QY7xCyCgqwlxP0q96U+gSmMFRAxwQOP1oM3dmrX C2Sdz0dGOgycGisfa3HEhBLkIq+pPOKnWkS2A42mxbpUiRGdcQ88ACnd5eP8qcXMAZ+TlNqZlLGW yeRwR3qwF5h1JW0sFP3oZLeZlIejONrTvGA+nBxQsawUiwurdU4le4OHIGacZjSISnAhtQKRykmh 0mHd9KSiGpRuFsUgLCifOj19zRe1y4l3SVszNz/8Tf8AFj1opgGUW6FNaLyMokE4VSfHlWaQpb35 jGwFKkjkeualTbY/CeaWgFKXOSf4cVKSsLCS4AtIBSUqPHSq5MYkQrpFUwhbjqEJX9K85H34oLdJ kmM+lSGW3mN+4Kb6KHvUO7WKXboyF2dtIeJz4CvpV7D0qLbNZxpLgiyGlQ5KVbC2/wAHd3x6+1Ir ZA1HMWXGLaGkbV+ZSQOftUKFaH7fcvFivqbjH/8A10/SD7VAnQZkec3MtssstYIcRtBCj7elGLNP WpOH/KtHqevvTW/AeE5SmZq9mSmQgcnuBQmfZWVvocW0FKHCXsDeDRp7ZNX4wSAvbtKx1xQiOHbP HWiQ4uWgrJC+4yaAwOMowH/DdCdh/jH9aJxpbZwNwOeQBSzBi3BbTwVuSvqn0FCZemjbZLpjSFux nDu2KPKfsaBAxLdakhppYzvOMnpUGTbxBClNEqAPIHT9KRGuaUFtCkFYR0JFSysy2i6hSQAeQRzU ugAl1xlX5xbPiI5GOv6U+l0yW2/EUsII4x1FbKG33SAQhXckUqVFfjstlDS3gT9aMYFaYu0Q2qCq Pb0trJeibsqK/qBqLEtbcdRVHKWwecAYBPqacdPjsJaBUlWPNz396bjtpQnbvKZXTBV5VUxBb0t1 pC0SEFCU8hfZX2qRHSiQkKSvI9KbEwOLVHfT4biVbcnor7GnW4yWD5ODnrmgQYk25T7qNrqkkHt3 /emZFqjpUgSEjkgZx2oq3LQ2kJUgAk9c803Jb+dbwnkjketLbTIV682mTb23XYX/AH0YYUWseYVE baQlw+GCoO8qZeHTPajbvzMNJ27gj+LqeKiMiJeo6Ft7g6k+Ujy06lYKBUiyKd3IhbkKSnAjqGEH 7UMDLzDCkqThwDBSe1WwKk29SfmwpSezieeayRaWrwzuSoNuHgLPatMZAooh3lY3JCF/wkDGan26 6uR3k7870HIz0NEp1met8Vzx4ipbDYJEpsnI74xQB9kyFIeikORijJ/xBVP1Uwov0K4xrm2pTzWH NnlVnqc1FmW2T8s+IboQsjJbVyhfsaqMW6P29hSwCUI5V6gVZbLqWPOCTu3oPBB61klCUWWJobjx CpglseG4E5Ugnj3xS49wS2y5HeJG4cY5xRR1TS1FTZx7ChPymFlEptLiCSULQcK/WkVhQKkRXPF8 eO6tlYIHGMKT3BFaUv5lSm15DhFGkWxwR0usZeQeCU/wmoa2Uof5R5h1q1MVoDSC7DBwkkfyqCq4 XBD2VR2zHz1QolQ/SrQ9HjyIqXA4lR3EKZIOR75xUKZAbS3vbGCRyKaytkSG74rZfT5SlQGD15z/ AKUUjSN6vzB155qsqbLTu9vdlRwRnj9qMxJKlAIOAPfrSSl/gUHZAjvNeGtOU9SR0NQbjp4bQ7BW hbRTnapWDn0xTJnBlGCCr7VKiz0HCuvA46U0ZEaAiFut5SpOMcFPpUwXBWCgLJCk4KCeDTlwUHXC tIGe4oc5HJO5BKeKssShyLBTHlLWhamwvHBPAokLmWTsDgWnHJ7UHDqyjas4PrWmlgrSk4xVMo2R aDDiG30ggZT1rKVBQp1oktK2g4BB4rKo+Iss+lUia0psBZDiDjkHmg7kNhp5bbqE3K2qUVbVjzJJ 64+1V6PqRuTLDQbciymz4ciG9wUqHp3o/bZaVoIbyFZ53d/tQyYnE5cWV26WC42mOZdtkKm2oKz8 so/mNA+lWy2uwrpDaXCf8RQQC4nuhXoRUZ595h8qaV4Su6SOtCb5GHipm2978NuWz6QMB4+hFZWi wtrN6IQYM4kshP5a+6T96D3U/IuIWW1vMK6uNDO371HtV7j3YmHPaMS4I4w4naHfdOetFX35UGOG 0qUYyuVpAzmq/AogFhuQwFBPitHnI7VFfRLs7Hj29lD6AoFbCjgEd8e9ZNYkNvMSLO9v3HL8JZ4U Pb0NSHJqFtpBSW8jzNK4KT3FTsMN2/UUa+F56I2GNitqmCrJQe//AN1NQg+JnkA0E/BoiLgmdEQY 7pTtVg8K/TvRgTd7Y3AJUOpqdrIRrrZGZFvKXAkrSvxEOJ4Wk+xqPb9RtWlhYuqFORNuBIAyUn0I or4oU1yQQR0oK9H/ABElLTiEBOdzau9FMBOlRI0sbo7yHcjelaffmg1zebirQtzc2vGC6kcfrUIS V2IqXHSADwtHXP2rTerGLmFlspIT5VNLHIq2w1YSXOjy/BQ86G95CQ5Vd1Ppxtt4ToyFKZJ2ZIyc UQQ4h4bmwNmeg6Vty5fh4CXApyOTlaM8Uw3hXPAXFaS4cuMBJKkJGSB64pFwtdu1Pb2djceYhkEb 1IBWM9jRkuR7gsuW5fgjJCm88fagDj8aJNcGfkpquE54Sv8AoaOwpjtrjP2thuOE4bRwOe1HW5KX UBO8dOcGosW7h7a3MDSXAMBSAMGo13066lwvwlliQrBwFeUj7VimtjFhhF+LGeZElRju4JaVymh1 xskGSz4kdtcd8EkhPAUfWo0a+PW0pjz0BOBgPhXlPt96LLksyEAtEAEeuarIVyLc27fhiW26jPRa knb+9LvdotWoLc4ZWFYRhGCBk+9FZ89pqC5HlNqdZUOClG4g0EajrkNhEcFSPTFX48jj4GrOV33S k/R9vQ9aGFqjpWFLSkbgr2q7/DW/L1NbZjMZwFxSPDfhSMb8ZySkE0YU8stGIsZQFbtquxqrXf4Y ONj8YsUhyNPby7saO3zZzkEV1oZVNfb0rcQvc7J+EyRJss5woQveqEoAEZ64qRbdVtvSPAczHkg/ xjqaqC/iiqWtlu4xzCu7KglT4SRuI7kjij8a4C/PCa/a3I5IA+c2flvHPUUZq0KWp6SJxwo4VjHF VbWenZLDCXh4dwjrHMRZ82fajLkpNvbaWtG5APKh/CPWpEabA1CnxmV+KtgeVxB6Vjpob0o9mu3/ AOPb8i6JhvptUiOG1M9CF9wa6Rp7VsPV9qRcojSowW4WvBcPPHeos6wRL6y6zKd2vFGE5weMda50 xp666CvTCnphfs7SVLQlhJ3IUe6gB0xzWiMVkj/7BR19yIia0WnE5T3FUu96GIKjHbTHW4o7Hm04 59DRy0akQ8lsvuJdQ5gpdb5yPf0qwL2SUYC97ZORzWOpQdMdHOIF6u+h5raZjXhoPlLzeVNn78VZ ZEli9rRIQUJeUnPiJ5B96IzIWCppaA60v6kK5/UVU5em59kQp+1OJdjA5XEWecHuk/0pHTHC7Sno qAl5QVzwsdDRBqeFNANLCjnkZqmQJ7chbyUuuIlNjzMPA4H71PhzYkt4sxn0omJGSyT5h79aztVt AbLLMgN6pbTHuTW5scb8YVjvg1R7np+9fBth5bDS7vplxZkAJyp9vP8AmOKt1t1UxGUIc19Lcjdh AIxuqyqvT7sFcZakvMOJ2ecAgCnjJJ/YrZypvWQ1ZHam6VuAS82sn80+GoY5Ix1rJ2r7XqB5lrUd uVb7yT5ZiEg+Ke208e3Fa+IfwnbgMi7aXUWpYSFvMNjg9yRiqVZfizBuExdi10luNHZBSzLW2EuN rA4+/wDWukoKcbiIXKG01dHS1LW/bJWT4KwCA4Pfsaj6i05FvEdpN5ZEWelRSxMYTtDgHQH79Ksy 3nIMBiU1MZvNpeaKmHgsFSTjsO1bg3Fm9WVth5aH2lDYA4OUjv1quMnB6Icg1N8P5bILElhE2Kv6 Fo5H+1UePp696YUpxgOLYQ6CA4rCmfcDuBXfdRaGummmjcLVMcuNkWnL7LjnLZzjKc/ehNxgW69W hMu3K+bKeHmj13e3qK6mLkOtiOKOcWbWtu1DMbjPNiJdFOhpx5Y2tOf+Rz0qyNxH2ZKhHWh9DSz4 kT+BzHXafeqzM0RCu91dRZATOXkraWNuFjOcftULRWurh8Pp1zj3K0iclKvM3KzvaOD0/wBq0yUc iFujo9q0xKlOszdITFwZbgWHrO+sADJPTPbFVx+2M3a6yorcR21X5jHiRtm1p4j6iP8An6UmM8n4 gXG23ewS37XcIii4tBBScfbvkiuhN3lvU7KYOo1Lg3NCtqZ7CMfY56CufNPF4FbKDMsrr6Uqkj8M moRll1STnjj9aK6D+JsnSbKrVfWVuwQvLb6huRuJ4OccZo1dLJNgx/l9QuCfbVkmPcGzuU2c8ZA6 A1T7k0ERpLZKZEFWU+LjIx0HXpmrcco5FsamdAvejod+cXLss1EV0kOhyOra2snqkj70u13RyChu Pd2Q1J8TaHQcpV6GqToiVcPhxp5ZiLF3hvHcQE5Iz1HqBnP710PTWoNO67aWiNJQXUJT4jC0+YKx z+lU5+PabiPGVBedGi3JCBJT4wCcJUk+ZIPcGqcvUWoPh/OEOXATqfSUwlDziEFT0fI43D0AGff1 BFWKYlVqSpLOHG04wkHtTdv1VEDLvhK/7jcEOMuDylHfr1rh9pRdM0eglekpEKGm/fD69Jl23cPm LehQKmj/AJii7Nzteu2XrNfHEImJytLjw2qSQOf0oLI0QrTlye1JpWWqO4+CXreFkNlXUHH9P961 /wBR2L4mYhy2U2bUDCNoe2hJSvuM/wBP9q0RnYtEWfoC5aYlDwpDcuA8je2WjkH0qCLYLW+X0ANv Hyqb6HnvRdjW03Sbjdo1HGcLSfIiShBKD/hOfU5qZqqzs6iipdgpcCkJCw6jqk+tXNsKKpA1BJRK WiU2ttCHMtqPcfalPOPPTFyfELiFnO3Hamkh1stRp5cK28n5kowlZJ6H3qZb1oivleMpPXPIpOzG ERluW99Mlg8jnYr6aFSLM0/NclspTGedPm2cJJ9xRy4rZdaeWVBg8bNo+o56Uwl1nPgqcDThAxu4 yaKsgLgXKTb3DHfcLhBwPT9KnvOGWsFJ9sYpmRbVKJU4rlKsD1rSgppsqSSogdxzR9GsdSFqbkAv eEpKPywe5qParv8AiRUxdkIbW4PDXj6SOgI/apFmtf48pxDEhPzLY5bUrbn96hzrY5HfcjyG8OIO Dt7e4pqJY3rSySIaW3oMgXCAWxsYSfO0oenpVZ0lqi5NTXYFyckOMKVvSFpxgZ5GPaj71zdtmwIS XmSCFgfWPcCtyVQJ8SPPYf8AFlEBBQlPmH3orQPQzNbivbHIjheQDzjjiht1jKZaUpHITg7QPeoj MCW48p5Er5RTGS0nql08fUKJtTHUPuGWtsOLxtCRxTORCEi4OyEKQ4SEkYIPGaxh16MstpIKPqCV HA5o46xElQ3PEbAkHAQscEe9DJ9iU7HQlah44Jw6npjtSdiAO/W6Ld0IjSFojqdcCUu7sbVfeotz jXKxhLV2WqdEZ4alHCtnpyKMz7YXG0NvcqSQQoDuO9OsSRHSlM9SfAJx4i+Rn3rQlcQAmLsMdKml AoPIweKHSJrbN1aivodb8UFSHtvlBHbNEb7pGRHSu5wHCpsK3BLTn5S/UAdM1qy3yHdZRhy45WU+ RbT6cKII5I9qocbYbJsJDF3aU0+Enjyr7ikMWWTDiPNuqXIiLcyOM7RikM6bi2lSXbetYaG7cwMk oGeDU+HOkIgFDrylAnJyMAjtVqjQtgHwnIyzhQUjPIVzxT7TDzDa1xVJ2FW5TJHCqeusN8bJDTan WlnBKegrUKQG28qRyDyDxTN0FGRIcWY68WnDDkbeGz0J9Kbtkpx6e/FlMuNOs7dylpwlWfQ0NuC0 r8Xc64whRz4jQ8yPcVJtl4VKDanJJlttjal5Yws/elUbCGJ0IJUXEK3IUM4NVO6W4ImxrhE/7aQF 7XsHgox6VbpavDtiZrag81natKDlSfcioMNDE9lJQRk5yFdqEouOyCId4blJbaeB3hPUHg1LkJSt gpbXuyO3Y0l3T7LMQOtkb1Eg0w0HIjeWwVhvzKPtWXuv0cyLPUEkA+IUHA55zQzUuk4mpXBJaj+H NCf7xHCirHaij7sW4PF1hn5VShk4H1GmfmVQ5KGVZKikqB9RmtEJJkoq9gRLguogrkuSHkpypLgw U0YW54L2XmdqTx4ieaJznGpIDqWkIfSjZvR1IqAH/wAkpUncM/xVZolC5V1/CUhe4OtY6p5xTpnp uEcKQRknlPfFRkQHJAJbOUnkpNQVukOOtxVFuS2rBBGAf1qWnoAUt8Vtpzc2hKD6jjNKduzL6yy+ lUdYON6uUmgMS/LZd8KaA29kAhPQk1NuUBNwYUl3OxWcqSeQPak6kslvpShtSQx4u4eVaT096i21 xDzjjKyW1jOzI4JHakSGpNjjsBlaZkcoAcxytI7VuM/Cva/ylLygZJAwQaraJZJbjrVO8J1BYeUA Qk9DRJ23ORUKSp1JPOUdcfamAlC1tx5gW4NuA7nCx6YNIZcetryFFZdQhX8fJI96XtQQDPjvW6ap 9tS5DKgMtYwoH2qawuPcWklIw8O54UiichbUxantmFKOcDpTH4GJz2IwDb6hjGetRTsgOuZU2wS6 2XtnOU/VTMZ1xDe5Kt6CNwHcU74rkeU5DmNuNuION6k+Un0zTsJhhmYZDQKsIUhSc8E+4rTHYGNN OJku7t3KTyCaQ9cpESagt7flwPMO+ahvW9Tmx0tmM8V8qbPlVUxLjZG11CfFHAUDwRQlENk5yT4m FY685qOqK2o70pAUeMjikOLLY2ADaRUZU5UUjegqZPdPUVWothsiPPOwp4akeIWV/SvBKc0QbPhk KaPkPvxWo2pmS+YxAkNjKthGeKH3WK5bGGXoT5djqWVusrTktj2Iq1WgBoASGFJBOVDGB60Ek2Vq M2VNpDas+bHBJrdovTFzWkRJQbcGTlXYj1zUmcVSYm7ku8gkdzVkcjQKKy00p19TSkFK+oyOCKjP ablRUypjE75Z0JBRHUjIWfY1JU6+0nCt24DAyOT7VEt19kSCfFSVJSSnw3hyBWuL7IrbJ0a4yEth R27k4BBouzqGMyrD7Cn0uDbvBA2H1oBKbEppRCfIcEeooc7Bl29TMlTqnY5V25x9xSuCZFNoshIi x0OQ31bQonYTWpF0W4+krbGMZOOOar34v8pHedb3v4BJbA6j2FT7beWLuwhwt+GpYHlIwU1RKFD9 7DLTrLqSfESn2ph2aywSiQ2vasbUKQeNx6Z9qgORi2tRCiQefL2pBuxtwcDqA80sBO49UnI5qqmM STACiXkjKDxx0popQF5HBHY9a2HnnF7rW6h9oqHiJWfp+w9akP3+NOYYjfLBlxskLd/iVSkIi461 q8RDhBxgp7EVHU26MHO0A04uQ5GXvaIVg/xgHj7UtuWiSVZGFk/anSoYaS8pLg3cpAqaFCU3n6VD pxUYxyle4HdWmJAQ9tJ596ZMFGjEcUFK2FQHXFIcjFsgg4GBxmixkeVOCNvcetQrgwt5QebQUpHX byKssRodt96caSttYKUA8cdayoEG6rKFJeaSkhRA4zkVlJ2AfRd1q3aqdiSbktES8soLbNyTjYvj gLx6ev3oIu9P2EuRb8PlZLSiWZ8bzMvJ7EHpUe3uvaZgiA9EZlW1TRQtS+qVY6+1Q491cRHNskNf i1gcP5jak7nWAe6ftWySUjlotlluk26rQi6hMd5KQpqSD5HUnkVMlqZcnFuRlt5IBQocg+9c/kMT 9LuhSXF3jR6+EKKh4sUddpHfH26UXlTGkR2JUF356A4CPGSrKkEdjWGeH/B7D821O3dTv4sfHabG Y8hs4Wk/eiFuvEnTbDKLnEXLtvCTIHKhnufWg2k9Rtxm1ty3PmmScAqOVI/SrKpZXK+ZhIE2Ljlp Qzt/SsTxsaxF4sbT7arhZpGSB4jYHFRmVtaghgy8xZzRxuAxz9qcZKpgcRBww+35hHV0WO4FYtTN 0jJISqLcEqI2qGDWeUaDYmeBbom50hKezvYmhDDviP4kKIQeik9KJLnqhsG23RguIcAKXyPKfY+9 C5sNcFgOspU/F/iCeqR60o4XfQPACm1BSegKard3tspoKkRVbVpBKgO9E4MxoNJMUlSVclPeizcd EqAX2yNxyCknn3pqaCUWAlcyKlchLiFEnKV9RTztkhSUpSENxHlHAkJGCo+/rR+TFTIj5QMH34Iq vybfJabysrXg8GjbGJ0VtcRIYfbb3jgONnhXvTcyI4MuLb3s/wCLrQlN+RFkpjyBtI/iNWlhD3gp dHLCxnHGKibIVyNbgVB9vDZyQQO9Iu9mZurIaktlWPMlQ6g+tHxGbc3BkFBPP3pmPchb2nWbghso c8rZPBz6UymwooUu2z7KhDjrZlR1HhQHKPf7UUtd2cdbKWnBISBlQ/iAopfpj9uVFW1GMyM4ohSE jdt49KABDZadm2tRjyEjYtv6Tj7Gll9hg+xHbura0YQo4yNw5oY7BctzhCFEpzyk9qhxb25b3EOO tqQcjKu2atrMmHddy96ULUB5TzmqnEgFE5EltTYOHR2J603+JRWRtfC2HkDyOt9CfSn7zp1J/MCP MPpWnqKCwJcWU+YcwEuk7QVcE/rQihh2YzIckJcUFAKGd/XNImKnNRguLJcQtJyCk/V7VG1AzqKy TGHIIblQAoJWFOZWhJ6kD0xWNzHAlSkH6/8A21dDWhaA9kCZaLTrKG9Hc/7Sc2CpbS0jKz6g0i13 6Zo1ti13OQJungPD+WWnzo90kdTzRlhTLyVrCAh0cHsoVKbQzeID8GSw26rGW38YUn7+tao5dUyt oYUmPcLcuVanDcoiT5mSMLSn0xVPbt50nd03HTC3cugrfgTEDaVckpHt/wAz6ZN07dNJylPWd1ba 15z5iUqz2NHrJerbqVKYV0dNtvbCdnzSuEOK6/1xVqlFkH7bry36/eW04gWafGQApGduV+o/XtU9 ic/GkBm5YWpR2h4DhQ96r0nRTQvbMG5NIDLwymc0kKCc/wARParMiz3TTzTDEuU3c4GPynCQSMe/ elc0vAEebpxMRK5lmjNl48lgHCV0OturXm7u7AfbciyUjJac+kH0Cu9GYd3MWSptshbY5KM8j7U9 eY0S/tAqbSpaOQehBrNOd+jJDtuvSbmp4EKacbXs2r78daXKU74qSg5CeoHNV5+3utt7Elaeo8Vv 6k+9DLXf5lgkKTOkKuERR4kAZUn1BArMtlpa5dqav7OwhMSYgFTL4OMHuD61T9S22RpfEp9SVPs4 WiRH5K/ar2xIi3uKuRDcDjBGEqQRlJqCG3WFoTO/7oD+JYyCKNoVopFu1Pp/WbyIsp52Dd1KIQp0 BO1XUGraw/M044iNNeElnYD4oFQNTaDt+qITz7bTUeayjMdbQKXAr2UP3oXZJUu2yI9s1Ol2OhKA y3KWdwUcHBJ6/vWqOKE16VMukfVaXsFh7fHWCDt7etUf4hfBC16/aRJC0RJJO75lCQDj0OaIq0xM sBMuFJQ7AU5naAD/ADqxW++oUwkLO1Q6opot4XoBxXQRnfDy6fh14U4+y2pXhrUSWXB2wfWr7NRG vMlx2zOqgS1owW0EYKv2o9erRH1HanIUlKExVnnCRlPuO+a5fddF3H4fTl/Kz3LjaVI8RkoBLrZz 9OB1Ax/Ot0emVX+iO0WaHrZMGIrTep23kuS0FkL34Son0+//ADqKgxLR/wBEn5OQ26iG8jMeQBna c55x/wA5oejXNpuyYsS/MIKE+RKy2VOhR/xZ9KsDT1wgxVIaWLvaAraolW5SEnGABTfG4rQLHb/p aPe4kd9h0QbjtHhTY5AS4PRXvmq8zpNN1YlW27J+XvCVYamOHJUOxJ9KGuX53Tdx2xHd9qOVKaUo laT6gf511C0y4GrbS02pwAOjeHU/WOOOetY5ZcmNj1Zxi5fDe+Q5q/lJaIjkZSXWnULJQ8B2yOlX qBqOChMKy3bbGmyvKlbyfKo9sK/lVmW2zZFOxnlb2CNu97nFA9d29+bZmA3HNyYZV4iSkArZ4+oH rTrkPKurJ1oXPtt30q2+loCbalqCXIyiFqT9h1od+ERbhBkvWyclaVDa7bZCMK9D/WhVj1hdrAhp DsV28WtKwXFJyp1oZ/iFXq4actepFruFqc+UkoQFIUjIwfRQ71X9sL0WaKDHYmaWuMebBkJbWElD lvfyG1j1GOKVN0rC1I69cdMuN2HUCEhyRHC8IdJ64Huc9qtsqVHnvotOqGRCkOAJYuCE4G7tz2/W qrqb4bKbl/Msy1svNJ/KkR1f3gHQEVqhyb0xHGydp3WZiyXLZdm1RZjSsbHBkKHrmrDcY7crKkoT hX8aR1qpaano1U1bNO6ljIhPrcKPxKSk7sdvN39OazUGjdV/Dqa7OYuYvmni5lIBypKfbHYVlzYY zfaPo8bRaWrn/wBOw0PyVuuN+Jt4G4pB9R6VCvGmbRrKCHW3GmZC172p0bAWgjpyOgz/AM71L0zf bbrBtuMw40qQUkqYUQFAd+DW7/p2NpePFVp5pLbilkyWUryD05rnusTqRZdlUj65udqiIsOu4ybh AUsoTcm8qVyfLk9uKski1u6b087ddLTUzrcQFeAtw+UegA5P2/lUVCYN+tZi3aEmQgr3FB4xVVEW 4/D156421Lr2n3FltURZKtpPJ4ro42prRW9F9s+oLVqp5UaWh1Ep1KQUKb4PHP7VA1DptzT0Jx6K FTohV5k/xoHtUdd+tV98Jy17mZLPKljgoPYYPNKt2rvBUtm9rU2kBSt6RwrH9aX42nsZMCx5ca45 LaleMzg7VDAqQ4q3XhsNuozPaVu3g4Ix6Udj2aHq6AJlmKGHyCNjuEhX/DVPkxzLcMK5si23BrID gOcH2VUaGDc/c+0kLaClAgh0Zz+3StMsJeSkDhZPAPegFv1I/pGW9atTtrxj8iS2CrensTU6RMRN 8F2K8HEDzIUk9P2plEFke86TDocdbDzTik4UW1FJx68VC0zf7pa1st3FInJbWpO9Zyoo/hHvxR2P cy0+kSVLWgjCik80w43HEsrDiQkHOV4HFWKILIy/DvFwDzKvlitRKdwwE57Gos22KsT5dW2kpJ86 2RwrPejkWKmU2U+KlrcSPE7D3pE21Xu2RGFSkIk22Q4UplMnckEdAfSo4kUhmO626lJaO/PpSXks yvrJyDwR61W5Vgu0Cd+IWt0KSQVLacc2oPvRGw31i8yFW2fFNsuwWf4tyVjGRg96okiz0nzbo7ZV tPOxlTYWQlRaBUtPviiLN0ZloUGHd7ahke1D5M9dmeaZlpWwXSdhUnCT70Tc0/bjPfkxFBoltKCW zlK1YGTj71S1QRt1QKSOqgM0FXKQtQSoBRz0UMg0acjyIMhLzBStaDylYylQ+1D1xkSg4slAe6qS kYwftV8MlLYKA8+4vWRnxGGlyIIXudjoH056lIqan8OvMZMuF5k7jt3DCknvUJM0WV4uSV+IgrGA U0i6qchBt+0NoQ2Vlx5jZ/eA+nvTqcZApk9D34O+HXXSG1DaSenNLuKCW1GOsKBHah8O+22+F6A8 oMyUpBVHfSQSO33prY7aHy2SVsqHlPOAKtT0AYamuRXgW3DtT9TCuhPrRdV0h36JOjN+FCuOwJYC 8DJ7n/Kh8u1tOoT8sSlxxBVuV/iqC3a5akIVMjiPJAx4qTyfsarlbHRIQpcMobuEcnCQFPo5az9+ 1ZItqo6UvQUIKSd2E9DTCbtMs8Z1q4JS5Cc8hWBkD70atzCp8TEJSH20I3JQhXOKS2ggKNcm3pLy IyPAfCQHmCfKr3ptu3PKuBlRJXy6+SphQ8ivce9TFhL8ghSQ06eNxTg0pUN2Oo+MjyD/ANwHirYy tUxbCEC6rkkRJBSF4ykhO0mn1sLbCigcLTtV6EUEnX1+Owy26wh9lOVNyGk5cHsT6UWtlyZls723 UrSR+1UTw1tDWQXIK/EQ8hzw9pI2gda0JiQvw30kHsojiiq2kPJPXpwQaGSIC15Qobwe4pYpoYTL QXU7meccnb3obKYTdoRaS4WHUnO5J5zUWY1Is7i3kqedYSnO1IzTgYauzLUiM442tKd+OmfUGnlK iGrXMkxZbTMwqSUkgPJ+lX3ou80mWr+EHruT3qEJAlMqjSEJKHBjOOcfeoz7MuytIMFtLjKSncjk nb3pLIxd3saLgz4Mhne0rGVA4P7im2zN05BUl9t6dbEnKCBucb9s9xROz6njXJbiHBs2HBaWMGps m0usMKlwVF5oqIWyVHgeuK0RdlYMQpmax48NxK0K7dD+1C5lpW4HFt5jP7cIU15efcd6mLtDTrhk xFrYlbdvh5wgn7VGi6ikQ5Co90abZ82ErCshQp3GyemI1lLta2mb1HQ62oBAlNjBT96NsTG5iC7H KX0AZBGDmos6HGuDC0htLza+CD1qvxrHMtq3HIxUQkEpaSOorPLGmOi0pWkrJ2hPOcDpWAKDm5GU ntQa1XxFycSwvdGkA8lwdasYeZY3JUQVYASpJwM1R8dBGZTzc5tTb6NyeivX9KqUqxuwn0Ltktxc IKythzhWT171Z1sugrWDknkgdKGy4jj3KVqYWP4knr+9aYyoVmrNeEKLkZYGWlYUlY749ayYhtK1 OAZyc7cYApg3RAe2uoSHm+hKcbz7mpWBcoq3W1pQtH8H+lXppibB3zIxgDdn07Usbn0FKRwe3rUi K22hwIcb5P8AERT0iEltxDraig56A8GjpEKnHtirZcXXowKHV8KCumKNQ5AXwUBDg4woZBqRcrVJ nBKmkp3lXJzjioSIM5J8KQsIQePFHVIqNWgpkabo4zEOyoSNshGVFtGBuA9KRYNQLbZ8OdHU08CR scHOKcduM+0ubwtU2IlezdjCwPWiMWJC1C8t5x5tp1Ccb1kZ/wDjj1rK7RYIehMXrBY86yfoSOtV y72N2A9vLam/ZQ5xUu4/M6XUJCHChhJ5Unpz2qQ7quBd3G48srD5TkHGPL6irIzlERoBmRhsJwRk VsIlR2kvRXGnBuwqM6MpX96mXmwmC2ZMIrmwgncp9Cc7fYgdKCJXNSyHYrQkN43FGecVrjkK6NSC VltxMVMCSBkNJJIz6Z71CiTmVTFpmN/KDeeBxu+1HoCYl/tyn2XSh1rALSxhVA7iyIK/+5iKlNbs EFJJR71dakgFhO5EUOskONLUUpSfqGPWswnggckeZKqCRX5i46TbzltPmKSnOB9qPxpkS+RnUIT8 vKQgAOJVkFffIrNJFyIqoAj7nmAmO5ndlPG40uTGTcw29tDUvgEJGEq/3pEiYuGEouKA1/CHgcpP +lLK23GwBhQVyCk9Kouhgc6ytpZbc8q0KwQaWzG+ZUEIOxY8wUKW547q1pUtySpR6qIymm1Idt/i OoV4yUpyQgc/aj2APKlPRAlL4Vj/AB44NJlx0ult0HBUOxqwOm23O1eMFgJDSVFJHVXeqdd1z4Da X4gaejjISnPNKm/wIUY8RnAI3JPepjMgpwMnOOhoZabvFvkVlTa8OI4XnjzdxiiIRuJI/cU7UgWj HmGThSWtij1OetZTS1eGfMqspOsgH0RtrbN6jPtPBLUlwgBtQylY74Pag022GyythSWlHkZGOP60 rVNnu2hbo2I0R6bbnFlBH8bXuPap8m4MaltXyE0F1CcoS+UkOtn71vejkoE2yQpq4IcaKQ0VZkRX Blt4fapk/RKoy/xvT6P/AOOKv+9tH+HPVxv+ooObE9BbbStxTyUcJez19N1WizXeZBYJQrn98Uql /oxzu6WRRbNzs8lSEqJDg/iOD0weoqVbtRybekuMuKDqfqbydq6vcmHb9QnZaJCW7gkArivEJKj3 IoLddHl+Y40GxEnoHnZz5F+4NXqMa2gMlWifDvS47yZK488dWM4IPqPWic4LeUouZbfHVXfNcb1P ar5bpMWbCl/LiOsh6OB+aR2I9Rmj9k+Kci4uJZubboUgBIfLZwT7nsfvWTLx1LaGTL0L41HT4N2Q uQ0obC5tJCR0B9qIC2y7ZAVLg4uFuGTsScrSPt3oeb0hm1PtgNvxpICXNoBNPWxH4Q60/bZalR1D CmFn6T9qw/DRZYGdutvlhlyHJCZSyUlH0kfcGt2y6ybdOXElpW0tJyFkZSofepWpNGwdRrZktpMS 4Nr3B5o7Qv2UKgqtjlx8S1XOUuHuGS4pXRI9DTfGmiWWQLQ8VLS35+5HSnm/DKSP4vSq241M06lp LEo3eGU7tw4WnHaiNpu7FyZLrSs9lA9Un3rPKHUawdqbTUWewt1TYU4eD249veqo/fZ+hmI5fUZd m8UbklRK2z0H6V0UtqdOCrKfShd60vFu0FyO62HEODBT2NBINjEC8wtSW9My2uDcn6mwsbgKgymU 3hKG3m/Mgk5PrVPu+jHrO9CXaIjsSQPIERyQlwg5yod6Pab1R80ow7jHciym1FC1FJwPuaboNZOs cw2yeGeUO8qGRkYqZfrEm4JVJZHgv53EoO3efQ1HmwXW3PGSoqQRgKxS4FwWlJbdV+9V9aHTKwxc 4k1hUKc0qO/natLg4P60VdtrsOOBDTltPQZxmir9qhT0qU62FlXUHHPvQpiBL08+txtTk6C4fO0o 7loHtmhYSLaNRuqkKiyUubgchCxyP9qJSYEe6Kbc2ZcQrdjjj3p5+NFvMRUmAAFs/UFdR+lAnHZ1 jPi4CsZJwcg+1Lr8IEZU6TbCnDXixlAhwYyagXGM3c4qzDfbbfAGFJGdtWSBIi3y3tPtnzOJIUk8 YNBZem0x3i7Gb8JxOeAMBf3p0CgdCDM15uLNcEKU4oNtSD9Kldgr70zcLq1pHVLtjnrSJYwApAJS r3BqfHW04kJeaCXUqyCv1HpUe9Whu6SxOdb8aUlBSFq5J+5p+tkDr8lDkTYsBTauc4Gf3oTcdOsX mGUFtBSeikpGc1WIbN9tUYubTMiIUd7KnMLSn1TnrVu09dW5LKPCUDu52dxUcXDwYrse63i0XNNu npXNtTrRbUSM7R2/anEuyNJzI6IT7d6tMr62XSQqOo/xDJyO/H9asF0jpeKiRjP86rV0si5iQlkr aJ4Kk0I1L0FFjfgtLcD0ZpCVZ5I64rHYbiElbR2OHtjrVVtd/u2nx8rcIQDKVbW5e8qKh7+lWWJr q23K8x4HgriSCkJCVcpcVjkg0HjAS2S843wjw1YxtV60IOkmmQuQw6oLWvK45HlPrVpecHzCgrCV A4xUcvpyRyD6VmacWOinLgLs09T9pSIK1cvRtxDa/Xij1v1bCubZjvbGpSQMtE8/esusNE1lQXkZ /iT1B9a5nKsEuIXZU6M8ttBIRNbxuTzx0q2GL5HtkZ0yS+q1lt0EqZcJweoFR7gG7vDWmQgSEKGM Oc4+3pQHTOsRGZatl5cL0Yj8ubtBCT6EVa3oKGIra4riHmVjKVpPFWvF8b9EKkwzcdNR3DBcNxtb oKXYby8qZOPqR68Zp6BOiXeM1KiSm2h1W295Vp/SiSFLQtW1RbcxjnvQycNM6kkOwF7LTqFtP1hP lcGARz2qN2FILQ5TcuOrC++PStXIt/JN+MjeEE7VUJjNuxvKd3k46YB+1SVXRuQyG3wEJB/iqq2v A9bK/I0Da7nIcuAdVEnAFQSEgoX9/egzEt3Skp15195lx3ayhsjLLoPr6GugrhlDQdbVvaIz5TnF CLxbLfdbYYlwZ8RpwEpUM7kkdxXRwZpVU2VOAInaftWonGJTQRa7knlZUPKsdxWoML8IuKVx8Rlk 4WoZwpP/ADvQp5MmwQkuLU5LhJIQNwy4kdvvRq23BEyGFAF9BGRxlQHvVeTcgpFntt4g3Vp6FcGg 8jOTu4P+9Y5b3tPPqnwpAcgrG1bTnJQO2Kqkh1iOoOrdLbQ/9wdvc0Xt91XbWmTLeckQ5ZAS+kZT 9qyPTHocNttV7b8e2XBMS5bfMyjA8T2OahWucdO3DwZAXFeDmQvnw1+nPT9KsM3QkK5hF1hviFOB IjnbgOcY83t/Wqp/1DIt0t22X22oSXBgPOoJbX6YPam+RtUwUX95ELVjSzMYQ4pXVBHFVqVb5+k3 VpQv5y2jzKS6cqQnPQe1P2+dHgstIYf8u0YRnJSOwzRNOpI8SWlqXEMnek8KOEiq7CA5Ea0apiGG tLa1JVuS4nqg4796Gwly7M98g9M+YgBO1wJOeDRyZpaLqlpy52Nww57flcCPpyOx9aBIBtz6o1xQ lbmMOE9DTrI0wkHU/wAG5F0YduukZyI0lxvYPMkHPfNVq0a3uunrYpV3DLz0J7w5GCdxR3Vg+ldB tANvQV299YbQvcW1KOBn0oN8RNAs/Em3SWor/wCF3ZaPI6ANjnsRW2E45NZBHaJ7qrLrIR7jYrh4 BdbGELO0H9+v3qDON1s8ZMW5JDkZCt6HGxu++cVyeNYNaaGnWazR46pKo4U5IUG8hTYHGD07Hp/P HPZfh3rUfERxbTMMMSWmj8xHfTjgDBOD6+lXvjdFePaFv/SvXmzIk+PcLXLRb7i8gBL7KcpXx0Ip 2Jco93hSGrkEx7ijyKQtHkeHTekn/Kn7pbVwJ7z9kSXn0JJ+Q3DaPXg9Khw2bPrSIqBdm3ITwUVb 9+xxteOlMna2Shu3W646UmrZtz5eYdHiuRnzgpP/AIkdKOMuQ9UW91uU0rLiShQT9bZHFVJp+6aM QReiqXHz4bE1ByUj+Hf7YqzRLqxMhNLaQmMv/wD7pOQvP3rPNFqA11YFhSw3ckO3O2oSGRIe8xA6 AHFDDpSW0HJVmloRHIKhHUny/v1q2qkgJw6Crcec9CKHTLfKaUl+1yjGKTuLOAQv/TNVRyNPZGgZ Auq5dvPijw3muHGlDCkn+tQ2vlLoytrPiyFkgJz5kgdxRWBqG13Muw5kUxbulw7w/wAKUPVPsKqu vtHzYtzjXGzSvDOUoW+weQD2Un/hroRakrK2FbffDpuYiPdPHXCGQHgnzDjgH/Wrbbr8Hom2OpD8 WQjO3IIUD7VUmbg1PYTFvzpfUEeGHG04Sfc1EeiytNojKsvgq+XcBLSuUuo5yM++aEqoiLFNtIJL kRW1rOFtZ4H2FRp8WDdYfgLPhzWCFIdQMKT+tO2y9puinHUIERecqZWMYpVydbnvhYbS0vG1Rb43 fesE2aEgLH1JJtqkW7UiEzrec+FMSnKk+x/5/tYW0OQo6Hoa1TYChlJa5IHYEetDoL5+XUzKZRhS yNqxkEDpSYca42WUmRbHitknLsZ0+Tb32j1qsJYYsxMspUAoAdUq6596RMtTayX2x4biuqh/FVbl akTKuDz8FtcJxtWx2O569zRG16q8WQIryS2VcgnoaVx/whku1Ikt7HE4UR1oZ8pIgrSnAcazg5HQ UelOKcBUk5A6YoaZ2cowFDuD1pFGS8INyrHa7pEfLrB+cUPypTZw42odCD7UMdu83TUBMO7ITNak dJZRyn24qwNIQtO0KKM03c3A1FDMtAUgHKXCM8Hsa14sjX1kI0A/l5K4iZEdaXY5AJKTnaPf0p9y 7JQ0GHMnZyFnoaip0pHsch+62J55+O5GV81DCiUlXqKYbfjXJo+CCFAedtY8yD6GtD0AXcZCpEBe EeKwo7VHriq+ym4W6aLhZ5xbdioz8pjhYzziibzBsXiKbU48w5grYJyEn1FONoQhDdxi4wtO1XOc fcVWxkSYGu7Ve2nvxe3rt89Svy1kbQr3z0IqWoqejvR3lJcaycLZOQpOKrl9EW/tttSYqQpIwFJy CaVY337M+hKSZEJOElvHnT7060iEtq1rhspbjrUWR2X1qJgNPvfKIMZSlZVu5Cj3q1NluW0H46wv nCkJGSBQyVaFuurcQOTyRWeeRphQw1qQRmRubLiwcFI6UZt95iz2CXCWlkHbjBIoK3amZcV9nZh9 ScdcEe4oFdrHcNPNOSYKXJbLYAWwThQ55INWRaY5bZiJUEqdZBlNYypv1H2qBODaSZMUKbGBltXb 2pvTeq2rlDSplShg7XGl8KB9D7UYlwo9yZC2gG14zkHg1VJbIAVzmSdqjtX3qZGkKZI27Vt9etQJ VqW8VJUna4AQFdaDInyNNeCzPZdcadWUpklB28ds0pAjqK2eLJVMiuKYlBIKV4yPtimYOpbgzKZY nMr8JzgOoGBn39qIuympyAUq2kjjFNH5sxnGYiWnJCsBAf6D7e9WxdAYXkz478NOxaErR0U2Ovrm hjsdqaUfNtIXzwpQyKpiYV7s82RMVIKo7RKzD8Pgn0z1NW2yaqg3mCyXm1MSHDy3txt+1Xt6BVBH htJDZHHpRBl8x2g51OKhSrY/DYRIzuZc+hQ71pu4IfUmMvCHD0z0P61kkpWSwdcrUiaoymxscTnA Bxj3oa1eTFS01NylpSiA4rnn3qztxsyCh4JCB0UlWRS5tnadRsW2hxB9ACKuj4QiRZr9uUSopfad T5VdcD2p9L0S5pU5FLm0EpO8YyRwf51W5sa4WaQpuHufjOYJb3cIwamQLi2QppkFDzXK2yMDn/ek kiE78NbfGx1IJzwqhV0aet7O2Mnzk/SnqaMxZweKS4kp9RU4QZEhsqjt+MgHzEfwikjJxAU+3ari THkRXlFt8HYStBTk0bcfWw4EuA46gnoRSbvaGngG3WgVg+VRSMg1XkquNtcdbdUXWkKyFq5wn0rR FKWxS3yZcKRBbdjOOJkowPCUn6/XGKiiSmTtQvCFnihzMwS4zbsZSXFEZwkjimIssklDm4FKjyad v8QQq/AQWA2QFJBz+tB3NDtSCXYkkxpBUVlaunvTqpkiK8A4hRaV9K+1EWJYWn6hjFUNtDrYGVd5 FrcLMppDsZaMF1Y3DP2rLhYoN1baXDDUpKk5AA6K7ij6UxHErDzKXwUlPm7Z71X5Fnn2nC7Mv5ps r3/Lq4Un7UnYagI45dNPF1uN52lgIXHcVtAGfSpBjszgpUMN2x4kflpPXnke9Go99avY8Oc2008F hJS4AFgiomprD8s9HnMMqU0hZ2vtckf7VZF2L1Bz1vltuOKeT+HOpwUOtjHiVpvUjUi5NJvEdToO UqfHATgcE+1SfxT8SaShbqlOgY8/U0Puto8NxSSMnAJH6Vth4JQ05a0CW5LgyVYPlSEfSaTaoPzl ySh3MKU2oqJ6JWPWgMi6XWxPqEZkORiASAecewqyW26C9toXsPjFIJRjpTSVhROlymUhyNdI2Gg2 SVLSduOxz/OhsywMxnml2aQ2tJQFvI3g7QRkYo/dY0i7W1liafmoifIlJ7e3rVYlaTmWV9x6ApRi htJK2zyj0SqszinpksRGnqSXEqSUu8jnipbG5txK0kA98nrTSH0SiBOXsfxhK0jOT70zKfdhM+NI QFx9wTvB4FVODRO1hVqB4igtolODlSE/SRT8yzsmOHYxCTzuY9T60Jg3FTa9yVZbPIqQ9eVNjeR7 cUI2noYr0/TwaYW7Ga+XfAKgEDHn9eKXDvq4hS2+rccdxVnbkJuDQGACOagzdL+M38ylvkdSkVuh k76YktbMalMyEbyQQehAzWUAnOLtLvhBG4nng9KyutD+P7xUjDLkqLo+mHw++L7epIEewaqUY9yQ ottPujBUoZ7+nuT/ACqwXPRDL7wcSoRJCknw30gYJ7Z9a5/cdNQ9U2pMZ1KoskO5DqcApx39QaMa Z1Vc7BLjWO6u/N2haygTFklbJ4wDjqK5rcWighPNXOxSVNySkvDO5Cx+W4n1FOyLk29EQ5HBad5D sdf8OOhHqK6BcI8K4pVGmoRPhjAQ6ngj05qn6o0gbR4D8JDsiE4T5wMra+/qKptWMUG7zX7cU3CO XEPtknc2jJwP06UZ0/8AFKy6jitN32QmNOPCHgvdx70YQ7GctpYm4bXgpTIZTjI/8q51qL4VMRmV yo8VKRypOzhDg7fY1eprwBd9VWaW0hKnm0yILmfl57Ccn7HFUafaHGw42lISXOSr+FWD0qR8Ofix cdIMSLRd8yoARuQy8ckc/wA66HOtEC/RGrhaVpLTyN6oaiMp/wDj7dqPZ/gDn9oDlvWpQ8RXiAAt E5A+1blLuV2fNz03cVok2/c3Ntb6cB1PXIB/zohcGHrJI2qJKwrjdwtuorGbpO+aSsRZhASJCOCr B/i9eaPVP0sDml/ijbrpNRb56nLZM2cCQ2WwFf4ckDP3qzXVbF0Q0JSfmG0eXcOoH3qhXWGzepEq 2asjlmSEByNc2BjB7HPp/pihl01RqD4ZOIh3Ro3bT6glSJ7CclGemcfakeNfgDpJsk60LE62O/NQ EoO5lR86B3xUJ5mI48H7a4GJP/uIUjaFE9cinNM6iiXttDlvmJlNuoC0oTwcdwR2NTbjChXFlJCD GlJ/91rgn7is08aGQiPdUtvNsSE+C4R1/hP2ouy344GzGRzjNBUuoee+VlNFaseVRHWm3FzbTMSl vLjJGSofwe1YnjoeyfNjkLQtI8ySMH3oOjTqBcJ7stPzCJWChOPoOOf9aJpeXPTtCsKV0P8AWtol vZDD5ypHAOOtAJV0tXCwOOkf95btuNi870e/vT4is3FvfFeSXtv0q4wasctpEhrYohIVwT60D/BB bXVSIruSR0J61VIsQw5HebZZQr+9A5UOlPJkLjtpLo9twom3tmNJSo7XSOKgSd7QLTmAO4Pesu7L AbcbGh1lMuFLXDmlXmKRlCx7jvUaJdG5E1u13Nr5Z1zht5Ywh0+xNFYrIf3ISrjOcelSLlJiy4ao s+KmQttJLLp4KD0qfpADJ0/ctMXPa2hx2MrKihONjY9Qe9SG9RoL4adVvXjp3xUaJfJkVxqJMd8W KE4Sf4h7Zp6ZBDbqJMYBS0jgEDBHpV0SEhcaNJc3EBYPINNvs+CCUArR02g9KDKXJTJS+0v5dWfM 2RlBo4wtL4BCzuJ5GOKZyoNECbF2oyAcY/UVWLrZ1xJDc6CpTRCh4pB52+w+9XYo83mxt9KZnw/E ikIHlPJApFl3slAOJdwppPjK3An+8Pb70ThrS+ylxtaHW1DIUhQPFVhy1Fh1TrTiylWQqOrG0n9q 3CsziGkyYDhirAI+XBwk+xGOtXVe0Esc+MmWz4TrfiN4+n39aq90sb0NpMhlCFpR9OfqTVgs+so9 xcbtkpoRJyDghaMZGOue9RpUeXb7g8h90ORl8IzyKeNkoB2G/TN6UOHxmQrzFavMn7VcGH0zlDzD nv0qvN2BtDpXHdSjcTkIHBqbbnmX5CYa5CIdwT/d+JwlwfeqsysgfLJaIBGUk1Bl9VIQAUngoJyD +lNxr4uPJEK7BqJJC/DSQryuemM96nuRUB8qH6gdBWSM5QYaOfX/AE060045bwhjIyWexPtUT4d3 2S3JkwpH5Q3jEc9cd8frV8uEZm4YaSvY6TtBPQVV5ui313RaV3HwJCU4RJaSMp9Oa3xyxmt+iNUW uTanpLSnGFN9R5VHBAqtzNONpmKfdbDizwV48wA9DUG3arnafK4l2dS862vZ4g6rHrVi/H4NwjhZ WUBfG70qt6IiJbXJLbCmZB8dCVHwyeoHvW5EFMxtaEtpyocZpEpUiHMjqZCVx1HzLCun6UqVcCW3 Cz5XUDfj1qu1YyB8x642CMtphBIUnCk4yMVllnxp6UJbVl8YC2lHlOafs+sI96ioEplTClJyorHH WlSNMxoMpyVbEAOSMEqz6enpTOVD1Yek21go8Pw0n03DvVEuelpWl7u7drQcS5H94jOUKGOmOmas EO+4HgyELL6DhS/Sjjd0VLjhokKQe+0Zx96zLI0xaKPaWWr9EJWpth1Jw6w5wCT96duDydNuoipc S40khRbH0DPp+lTb/oxp9rxYq1NOkc44Ch6VWo8uLEdkW+7Rl5cKUsrwTznsa032AG/FdSsvWy5O naNwZUrKQe4xRW6Op1LaFRpkVMl0YKDtwUK9Qapkyw3OxXbeglUVJJS4Ocj3o1ab+l5ClFSErT6q 60EhSo3G33mwjEFTj0gKGEunI69Kstg10dU3J6PdIItV3QAdh4bdSBjKSft0o/KYFzjFX0vEZSuq lcbdKvDDwlIbhuteRp8HKwf8QoNELq3KXDSpdnIhukjKCPKT3J+/WnLpPg3KPtukNAWE5ceHIz61 SYc646HdYavUsXmI4nPzjIytsehSKsj92hXSMhxlaX4q8HeBwR9qaMN2TwHLtM+0OOPxpTdwt7qA sBpfmT9hWQL0xc4XjtqIW04UqQfqSR7VLtLkq1XIyIikvsgHLSuMfakSdMW+6BU2C6YdxQ4VrCQE hWeoI70ZUhhT9xRcW1N4VvKdnjIPnCfT3Fc2f0fdLDd3JsSer5kkmJNbUUYPZLn8qvDalWa4/KT/ APtncAhauELz0wfWparQq9rQ1HQoSyojZnyOD1z+9acXKeLT8K2iraZ16Id+8DVcf5G4uIw1Lj/3 Lqs8k8d/61aLxYrPqeO5Jjymo01ahtcYHm4PQ+lUnU+ipapvjKC1rCC0YbhykHPUVULTNVDuTkeL cHraG1bVJxgIUDnBBFdOo5l2gIm7OqwXzZ4blrvykSmHiWi4U+XHYnPTigUXTy7YuV8gS/a/EyhK V7tiaM3K6uzmXFnZOS6yNygkEK8o59jVSj3iZp+EucwpTkInw32RjKc98VzptxdGhFjulxTb4Acl HEdIHnx0pxtKmvCWhwPIKQokK6e1ZZ7pZdVW0IWsvxlDY60RhSfatzNMLsJ8K1rD7CvzTuV5hVdp hoh3/RkXUiI1ydfWmW27je2cKSBj+Xaokm/u6VedgymUqgPuFDT6jkj7n1o/AmBexBIBHCgOmaTc bczNG2Syl1AOdqhkVFl6OmBxKpP047qBDcq0ugPJO0sZ8jwP26YI60J0k5dWdRS48uGtlDPlEdw9 euSCevGP5UVkWCfpp4T7E6pxpKyDEK8AZ9KKxNTWXVvjMSG/kru0kJVuBC9x7it0csJrZU40Ql26 HqB2V+GzV299I2fmo53nrj2oU3Ml2RTcC7JWXN/hiWE4Qr0JNTGI8vTl1dh3Ha+o+duQjun0I9as L8Zq/W9cdaw/FcGVII/5zWSTi5UMmyLFgoVGTv3Syjqps4qIwyplxYSpwpUThKznHtW2bfefhiz8 3EDl3tC8hTON2xGOP2ohDmQ79C+YYdSypxrejeoZ+1Fw6+DdgVNsiLioOtkNSEjHiDv9/Wgtudeb dLVwjhqWkkBXZQHcVYGlSLYXFkB1tYxk9jntUpb8W6pWW1JWQBvAHINVd6LFsgqfkxlB9hIcRkBT Z9KmymIctJfjL+Xk7dxQ4eFewqC8m5WbcmO983BX9SHOFI9cU5a/wy8ObXn/AA3EEhLhHIOatUkw EuDcoz3jNymHIcxBABXwhY9qkXBLbzC2nmkuNqBCgfSod0TClLdjSkCRHCgEuo6cd/alWmAt96W0 zKEuG2ncgKPnQO4PrSyju0SgUqy3jT4duFpWzJhJbyYRXjn+uawGHe2H7hFaFsuqWvzIagEpcPfm nXpMuDKSGXEoaxykjO72qDebQi6S2pqMx30d2uhGOlKsjWmSgN845Pc2PJ2PAZUgHOKXDjqMjyKL aUfUg8JP70djQY0zY06gx5HTxQRgj3GKG6itEmAlKJMZTsbxOXmjwB2Oavi0wUOzyy54LamQ07jG dwwaHfJkuFSVFtwHgjoR/WnpCWxHCFtiTHA3IdUNyk0hc7wFtLKFOMqOCUDlPvTvwAxA+bjPuuqn IjOtr/ukDIcGOM+lWW1eJeFkMlKZuCfDKsJUaCIZjXB1TiNi0uqB3ev3qf8Ahj0FJUHEZCsFKM5A 9c4rHJ72FEldp+XuHivJLU1KQdp6p71MmT5UrcFq+pO1RCQMisZvbdyt3gOja6he0SMYXgDpn0qD IakR1AvuJShzlDoVlKvarYxTQ5Vr1pxLU4ORD4ElSMB1PX9RWoOoH7PO+XmNFtO4I3HJSpX37VYZ 0JSpaHwtSNqQkc8Uw9b25ylJfAVu6980jbXpEEGgmaguIyUD6uM7TQ7VVjL0dpCXytKMLBT0BPUU In2K46fWpVnluBlQBcjLPlPpiplk1fCvC3Ybq1x5bCwlaHE4x6jJqq2OiDbYHihX5qWH28na6cBX 2qf4imiGn2fDWRkKoneLDHntpWpnaCdyVDj9qgll1xKUuZXsG0E9cUFJkIy463VAJcSoKPJNVa7W 56NdWELR4QUvCHEngmrC6VR3vISQOCk1MjutPJCHvNjpntW6EtCsH214xpDbb+X2x1G7vRF+C1MQ pSSppWdw29a0/aG21+Kyoq706y6EYKVJODjHXmrBCJBmKWl1hS1ZSrncMVIEiVa3VFtSXkZyUk9q 3JBcJUDucV6d6Bi5LMhSWxvLZwtBByKreglqYDFzYU4UgqIOUg8igd1hrgpVLjtlSi1goV3x6Ulw yG325URxDjAACmCrCwe5xReHdGpnBSDwfKr7VW2QB2yezLjJc8Qoc6bFDBBqUqTLiHxWUnA6gH6h 6VHvFrbdadUwfBUBwpPY0EtGpZcKY3DuDJQNufHUfIr7e9VVYC1/iqZWdqtj+3cG1/V1qENqCfHB UtzOSelSpAhz3kvoSj5htOA4PQ0l6QIwUh9oKbUn60jJFKn1IkVd2zrtl1XKhEtNrSMtg+XPrRpn bdEp37W3uis9PvTyoqHWQuM94iAPMlYwRTC4QcTlJKVD0606nIeh123LCkN+J5EpOE9iaaVHXFf3 NkOM7RkAHg00ueba6yh5LshAUMlI6D79qM725aNzCtyDV0W3/YFERqayptYJKXgPKk+tK/FVhnKk llSRgrTzUC4QA0lTm4oWeEketMRLupkJbW0FkJ2kqHBqSh/gUyS9b7bqVl5bLwTNSkbHmzgg+9ZH nz7C5/3iS8yjCQpvkHjnIrIkCG3Kbehj5d1ScFAOEqNTW7uqK4qPcoodbUCkBBwf371Sm4sNg6XA iTmUSI/leUrcMEdPTFQX3CjhZJ4wc1ImWV22yfm7Q2p+Ok5+WXwaUJLd5eUJARFfxgMqHP6VfHIA DuJQ4hSMJUFdqAu2xy3yV3CE44HUjzJTxkelWOZaHWHw826CATlGORUi3BM7Dby/DycbgnpVyyCA W03hWxSnnFrKsEJVwU+1HPmHXUK+We2FScqQV7d1BL/YEIlgF1bakqI3s9/TIodKW9bGkOPKU2lZ 2oczwqlkuzsUM3GxKusZEl5fykxCsBKSNrgoAuY5a3/lLhERMhrx5VK4J/Q0RhXB1aQh1YUSeAFZ 4ojDtjMtS0OrDzKznwlDlBHcUV/jIgI4ww2grghSUk8tK4CfYc0qNNSAUusqQsnnfjOKJvaPkMrV IYkJVHH1IJwcnpQM3mKzcXotxjYeRgIeHGR7etFRtj+IJNhayhTYP1dAegqW7fnre2psLWhagUlI JFBEy1MOF1t0bAcjHXHam3ZL15nqedOQng8da7fB4KyPtI5nK5HxxoXEtxuri33SC70O6sotHdai IwQOeayvZxxxiqR5WWaUnZ9PJNstuo4C5cE+BMSoZbSRj7H0NU6W45KusK2zo6WW0LKDKI5WDVxN nYhKVcYOW3HVfmFKspXjpQPU6GLlZ1y3UrTIS6UqQB5h23DHavkveSPV0IaauOmw+iKoy7Wo5MZR 5BH8SD/mKstnurMlhDkd0rAGFIVyQe4xVLts246chMsyiuTbZR3Bw+Yt/f2qe7bvBmNXazTh4yfq RjLSvYiopsFD+qdLtvhx+2oKXVJ5ZJwlau+PSqkmXOgNqjO73GE+VcZz+Gr4m5uXBCVqQI8pONyU Hyn7VCu8hq7tq3IxJBwtak7SD7GrFNho5drH4SR79BVcIkoqjFH5iGj+cwr1+3+f6Vyr8S1D8M3o izKlzIDSwC8zzsT3B7jiu43JyZZXEqUVspUcJWkkpPsarlzWbvJW0lpqO460W1pVjw3B+vA7Vuxz f6I0FrFquxa8YQqe29Fe6MyirlafUk8n/Oot1sUjT53oIdjuk+G80cpUK59K03do091EBamZ/BMN 1W1vaP8AD70d0j8R3Yq3rbILiZEZYS9Blj6T1OM/vx2rb6rQA4t1yUw1Fed8RkE/lr6gHrg1PkTn 7XFVCQ0i62bZhbZTuVjuNvU0Ru8Gy6qKnbW8hEnaMttp2qbVjkA1XIWpPwJ1VsvKEtOEhLcxOePZ Y9awSyTi/CxFdGn3LY89qXRjziwwrLtsCdq0gdcA9qOaX+L8K9LEeWDAnl4p8KQNvWjUi2O2uWif GV8qs+YON/3b33PegN/0fa9bvtvNn8NvqeXBj8t0+3pzQc3JbCdAdmIlckpODgKSe4qCHXY7qh4i nG1ds5qi2jW6tKIVaNQMBLzSspODkj1B71aGbjFVHckQXS+wPMUkeZH3oRg5IgYkuLS0FQ1bH0eY IPRXtS4l+FycLEhkxJiBkIV/F7g1RdDauXfdd3m3LAW0w0h1pZ428DcK6DerbEvDSivCXwkbXEeV Q+xFUzxtEsUla2HPzfOlRH6VIuENDAS42vc2odB2oDGfm2wBMxRlxUjyq43J+9WEsrMFEtlSXo6x kBJ8yfuKxSVFlkSM4kPJIAO3tmsuMNu4IO7KVEHBT2ofdLRKnDxoMlTEhs70p/gc/wDFVbgahS9K MScPk5iB5kOd/cetUjpkC0QVWFhMZ55b7gJw8vqrkkVPkLakoKXAAccGiVygtS0NtrQFJSQpKsUL uSRFbz4e5PTgUKGTK/P066pAcaVuGSSknJrUC5phgNv7sD1ozDnIUADkexqPebLEvMN7lbL5A2Lb 7GlssFNuxbmhQb27h270lq3+A4cKVVJnCRpVba5HieHu2+OnkZ9/SrBA1ky4wUO4U8E5RgcKo1YS ZMkuMu7TyKcakKShJSSM0lpxu4t7tuxahxQx0yGJKwMAJ7Hoaoaog9cLct5JW2opWfTvQiI54b6k LJS8k9+9G49yS4driwg+lR5UBqUsObQpwDAUOtWwyVolEO7WqPeUpecQS+njek7TioNtusxUZ2C+ vxGG1+QqT5sehom181b0cjxUDsK0qQxcEb0ENLAPGOprR8lhQ23IEUZGAnqBUC8RUX8hxpCCtoA+ YYUnnqKYdvqIDhRKZCSBkOdUf/dTlLRJbD7Kw2rGDjuKXsEBXKRKJhQLkkTIviFxDp+tpWKLsagX p23F9ZMyKgdQMrx2/wA6W4uLcVGO8haDt4dKeP3oe3Ges8pBaWJUU/Uk9xVcpIgehzmL/HadhOYW oBYCcbk//VONiS6Smbt3A/3iOciqpOscqLckXewOJhzgNymCPK6n0I6VZbLqNm5MFEwiDcRj8h3G HCf8J9KRPegMq+u9GOuR1SCfHQvzpcQeU/b3qmWlNzsLqVeefasFS1rVlbZ9D6/89K6tCus+zvTo t2YL0bfuQBztB6Yppq3xH23Fwx+U55tihj+VdBUo2ysodo+KkN2U1GedHyrqtvDZyg+tXhFpKy3P Zf8AGivhSUpSnkAdSaruq/h1BftyZNnaRDlFJLjYTwtXrVJ0VrudobUUO0X6Q8qKQoo68jqQk96T 4Y5VcfSI6k3b7VqJt6PBe/7tkcBCgDweQRTLUqdabkYz7RDCEgh5KspV7fegNhulv1xcpEi0sfhN wiuL8EjyqeHqfWj8DVjiG3bdeoAjvq4S7kkKI4z7VknhnD0sTJ7rTLwcfZSkSHB1z1oTb9RpiSzG loMZ0cgKB2n7Gpku2Or2GO6lKScnBzxS4twa2Kt93LRzkNrUnP7mqKr0YnKvTUhseEoKycYBzios mMxcI5SUJUsEFKlDoaEx9NvW5aVx5IXHJzsI6faiviiMQpWMelXwYrBtoZuFvlLVKd8bk7QoZTio 2o9GN3tnxouxmTg5AT5Ve3FHGr/EU4G3GspVxvH8PvUtuMWipUd/cAfKrtVxWUCDfpOn202+UpSF tjnfzx7Gi7d2t+oQ2HcZBBCANu6il/tUe7NrblM+IV/xpHIPrXPbhYZ+j2FS4rCpEePkjz+fk8/t V0VGaIWPVrQNvkFmP4jy8bVZPlqv6enyrY2uO/FQzHVyko6FXoaKQdX26WuDFlLLb7pyMkYVxT2p bV+HPJUEZaVhRT1x71codUCxyJfnIbgVt8/BKT3+1W6A5G1At9yM4mG94YPnGDn9K523FU41vRl9 odx1FNW6+qtb6hvWtG7cD3SPes+SCfhYtlzv8N+4xFxLkw1IBIDbgT6dMVXWnb1ZFRUtlU1ltSj4 aQQ42ME5B/50q52jUUXUIaAdS4VgJCh9JNY9EdhSHljDLzXKCrnNY3/gaA9j1lF1VHciXJA8Qqwy +FcpV/5H0NNXr4bN3R2JvQwy6oHw5SFAk/8Ayx15qtyIrcm4KeaIgSMlXQJQo9TxT2ktamS4y3MQ 7E3KI2r6FIP1A+lb8DlBdosVoG6WduunJkm1XkhmSlR2qaSS0oA+vQH2qfeY8Qy0zG1rjOBSd7CB 5HMdTVsnpZuOGgUqZcBIP+h9aq90sV00800+lH41BQrettAy42nrz+laZZY5fVsAxe3oEoyHLSBA krIKlIQAcj1FO2TU8mGyy1NR4T+7YmRnyu+n2p22QrZeo70iLKAJBOFDBSewOeaZuDbT+n3YUxjf n+7Ujqk+tZWWBFUZ150rj7GsrKlISnr9qU+/Ja2pdSUbvXrVYtM6XZIodMr55CVbFRTgOJ44Iq4N 3+BeQ0Sko2J2+Y+bPvUpP0lgWcpyMw47HbU+9kENBWCo+1BLpGZuhbkLP4dcXVeQqGFhX+lXSXB8 YKEdxsqx5SBxmq+m7MmY23JiKQ82opBcRjn/AMajSIBXbi0qSmBfJJU8PKZLXX2qwJjm3gsoePhH BZfQrkD1NMXCI21GmSWGEyx4JUprbk+9N2+bDcjMNJWQ262FJaWrJT6j981IqyULtt5uNvW43PfE trfuSsDCVJ9CKcvWio+qJCrxaHBbLghOQw2cIV7Chd2LttloS2wuRBcAClJBJR/tU+3XFMFaFxpI dZyFDByU+n61oi2vRGgPatQLROchXRtyJIbdLZQ+MZNWmTp9iSpq4RFJjLGQ420MBz3NQ9ZsNawi AyClMggYkISEuJI9/aq9EvV00UzDjXQvT4y8rD7TZUEJB4KsdOKXJjvaFTotbK1rdKJLIaKThJzk KHrTM7TDUhxL7KQ07nCVJ4yTU5+6RL3bmJEdaFtL+hQ6mojbz7Z2qSpGOEqzkfes9NFiZUo2o12G /OwrpFUxIacCQlwFSXBn7cUfukmMuUqZa4i2WwncsA9+/AFK1Q6bzLalzwnCWvDU42gZOO59fvVH emS9MxnLpbHZNztruW1NK4CCDV6ethLpEnRp9uHiNILm/clZ6pqQGwWysDOOlCbe4xrVhCrOEwZi U7g2o8LIHIOach6mS+VRLjHXBuDSi2WwMBRHcClcEyC1S4j7KyVlt9CsBG3O6mLbqF2IHocxSnSr ILTqcpxntUO5zo7DbjpbVtHJx298VkWXHvTrLhkA7uAvGeKsjCgMINtjqyyktDqg9MUFkR5lunNS rO4gSAspMR0+RQPcfvVlQXoTIbWnlSeFeo7YoaY253xVEFQPBqzwUr9tvEK4uvsuNqt1y8RSPCKc IJ7kY96Oz4d001OW1LRvhFpO19JylSs9P+elQrlY2LrCeSj8ua1lbboOCDQIXO5QLY3DmLekoxv3 4KuRStRkthLIZSXQDwEdcitCYh5jwJKA5GCt2w0OtEsOsNqKCplYyR3xU6Xp+Vhh9jzw3gcLB5BH 8JHrVXnhaS/FU2whCkqlMK5SWzyj70KlzfkEl0pUtPTjtU1Db8Bvconwz5SQOKbejJkDKDlJHKaf UiGR7lFnxvyXlOPkngjge1V/V2m4lxQBObdjTidzTzOQd3rxUSLBds2opCHt7CX8KYz9Kh3x+tXY 33xITkeW0HlFPkcUkeSq66snhzux6juNhjohy0vTG21EB5aiRj3q627UEa4thvKULAz0/lTSbApx C3UONuxnU4KFDJA9qGTbMq3Rg7FJyg7iMdaDqQyYekwvmAFNpyoiq89gTEtLC2VqJCTjqRzRHT+q WJaQh4qYeCglKXBjPHJzRmawxNVklDikqyFp6VXcosBXE3z5AtokghClhAV1GfSp0e2RZZJaGxSy TlB6H1qJObTAS4ZMUTIJUNwUDgHscioSZTtubS/FVuYI5SD9IrXHImIEHbTLtaApx7x2FHhXcGtu w8p8VABVjH3pVq1DHfKFOKSobsFCu9F7k2l5h19l1psJO4Rz1UD6U01atAKnIgFT7brbghvJOFL6 gj3og7Al2aPHemJTufO1DiDkEUgqRJJaUkLCuDzjFPS7hPgw2WAtD0BtQHhKTkp9way+ekGGUuGR hIJSRkknIzUq7WmFdLZsejpVI5w6Tx9sVuGhtLfzSFoWknBTnkfpUp+ZvZA8pSDzjrUi0mQpbFrk Wxt0xVGRs6t56D0ovbbwzPcUwVI8ZOApo/VRNi3R4JWuKFILqt6yo5OaE3LS8edKckI3Imbt4cSc GnahIYnm2LYcW8w7hKh/d44B9a2CkjzDasd/Wsj3lq2KZbmtlaNwCyDgikraXcXlKZSQ2DnGMkDN Kkl4GxlbgBIIBQR5gehoZOdctMZTts27yAPAJAB55Io0u3qjqLazjuc0ly2IWB/Dnv14q3wFkG23 9u5pU0+gtOoGClYxz6j1qQqwpktrc8RASf4BnJ+1C5diD4WElSFDoR1zTaLrOs4PjL8VgJGVj6kn 7U6YptUUwloSnekA9FEkiijUtqUEhzClDoD1p5Dsa9x1KZdDoUMpWnsaDzLe5GUjapTbiSPMBwfa kkkxvSwhJABRn9KEXO1plrD+CHkcDaea3AufgkpeUenU9M0QQ6l7KkEJzVNBALHzDIDb5/KJ/vCO n3rcm3eKQ5HWUr/xJPWiinw4vwXU4Cj6cVjUFcYuORyp1CeoTyBTLRClvmTGdWh1x1wk5yvpUlqW 27HCHG0FPIKFcg1ZX0MXBva8jBBIPHJqu3PTqksqEZShnuT0+1XJi0CJtuC1l6M4GlAYCB29xUVu 5OW6Qnx3VoyoDI7kmn3lSrctsOtrkNYwVJ6j9KJC3W++RQhZKHFDKSrjCverlsWqJka9PJkqbkoS tsHyuoVkEU1fbDEvjjbjiBuIwl1HYUCeYlWRamXW1KZOepzjHoaeh6kdtEIykPoOxQHgnnOfatuH A5ySEyTUY2wSuGuPJVHQsqQDijMRv5dvKhhOOSRTNvtrlxkLlJ3rR9ZKQcc+tSb9PTbbW6hSd5Kc D2Oa91xuP8WPZ4/k5flmVnUeoUR3EpCtoz+9ZVCv94Eh/JSSQcZrKZyViRx6PsA3Jf028lKFLetz qxua7Nn1FWjxWLkysIA2rGM1VVR5dpQuJdHm1tg4bfHRaexz3rcH5i3ztzKkqiKSDkHPNfJvT1Aa eUmCkNODLaBuHGc0KjQX1TZMu0tFEVad7sdRwCfYdjRZx8SlgYyfT1phxbkcueCnzIGCnIFEgu3L EiPlsKS4MgtqGFCtCUy8kxppwnPlcQnzA1jkll7YvJbk57cZpAKXiVEAK7n1qNhoXPtDVyjKj/3i T5Uk9x71T7noh1pGUDxG0pwUK6p+1XhhRY2kEkZ5HpUiYwJUdJQrOSf0qyM2hKONX+BJMRDUkrWh Iwh5H94j9euKp2prTMuMVlEltt5YIWLig/mIxwAo/tXUb5dzpq6ORL7CeZgvJJanbSpP61Bk2r5W OxMiYlQXz+W8nlBPof51txZXFgo5k3InaQkuKnqKGjtLM+OD4a1Hsr0P+ldAQ9Z9aWeSxfFhM95O EvoRyBjg5HpQ28MwrrCkRE7mCMpdjHOxf/xqmtwbhoCetuSiQ9b3U5aZLZK2v19K6H1mL4WqO/O+ Hsb8ClvS71YVLC23lDK2Bj/Lr+n6U9+Kw7nAJhS8+Jwl5Iwps/apMGeZFsDjTwkxnQBngqT7GkXH RbMeH8zB8OPIeTu3oHCz71S8aJY5KcZuEZmLqCKzOZ8MpRc2UkrHYZ9DQOPYH/hO81c7dcU3K3Oq CXYsg5JQfb+hpq03iTHfEGfllYOQDnao+tWeZbPmYS3mhvbwN7Z6Ee1C+gbK7pm9Wn/qO5XCA2G5 qiQ4wpO0HPp7e1dJl63jXCJbYimWojqEkFxagC4r/SuZP6SbYWLnbFJd2JJcbdG19HPp3HvSb7Kt l5sTaZjTjE5klSJDSv2P+VR/Yh0oXJTb/hS0BDa+ixyFVLhSm2ZSm2sIaV2HSuU6a1jJsVvi2+/r EoOZ8KWhJKUgdNx7Ej+tXZh7wkh1CwtCucg5rn5cQ6Lg5MMEFYxgc4FQrtao2ro7ckjbIQd4kpwF I9jQ+PK8dQClcUt+RKtR3IwplX1bT0T9q5ri7HQORdJunC+zcXg9GbPkkdTj3o7bJjF0QCCFtkZB qGuEzcY6/Ol5l0eYZBqLHhKsZT4JJY/wjoKPXQ6ZMudmadJUlKkr/hUmhkl56yx0KcAcaVxv3cp+ 4o7HuocG5BJ45BobItDt6beajEKcVnLZOMiqnodMZQ8zMjluRHQ+05zgnP61VL3o11Q8a3upZ2qz 4RTgKHoDR6Iw5bUeA6SdnABHIqUJqSoDGQaKY1gm0lb0fapBYcbONqu5onIQh9spKQl3FMy1lSyt vheOMU3GntyMpdJQ6ngZqthshLYQhKW1Jwok+c9q0y87Z0obkhLsZSiQ8n+HPY1Knxw5HWkqKVEc LGMj0NDY856Ez4TxEhKeFLP+eKTqx0TBcWpZ3MLS41yMg5BoHOZEDJbSSjJUoDJxmpDZYhOpdaCV NLO5SEURCGHgp1IKkLHGeoqxIJVrnIachpdaHzLLg8wKeR7YoLbNUx1ueG2rKEubFDHINWSbCeiK U+wAW2vMU/0oFqPSdt1Wn5m0qZhXiKnxNjY2eIojpjvWiONNUEtcR5uY0ggpW36VHntvwlNvsDxG 0q87ffHtXP7RfJWmLymHckPRJik5CHgfDX9s9K6DB1BFuSSlYLUlRwG8ZSR65qmWPqyD0dbclRUD 5k81Fvum2L2wCH3Y8lvzoUxjcTUxy1PPNqTGcDCiR5gKiznHLVdAxIUoEgFDqegPvQjSFYEtWuZE i5m1X1PIASmWRknHc1Y/lEuul63yQ8yBtK204APoRTMqxwr9BmFa/lZiWy43IGPMr0qki6XHRsMY deeKyQ8lpJ2EZ68e1a4vsAvkouGSNq1JWgcY6ZqFqCLatdoah3BtuPNj5CJQbG4cdajacv0e7rw2 5hQAVtX1waJSbIy44Cl0tuHnfjpR7fEwHJbhpC+aEmNXOM+ifEQFKD7AKXE4PpVnsPxAiatuiIN0 WhCijmQeQr0B9DR5EwR5BizW1L2LylwjKF+lVbUuiVSpD9ytsdMdwnctpsbW1D39K0rNDKql6Dwu sW1ydONrLK3ZsVaysLHmCR2A9qZVNiX1Lvy5y8yvYQrhWa5/pr4g3jTyG2JTzqIofKXGXkZUkeia ux09D1EHZ9kmIZnrR4iSFp3A9wpJNZ58Zrf4SybCku2/GVBYHHhOHr9q05CEuSlY3NgnJT1xVfnS S8hqDdVCPMABRLSrCVH/ABA9qn2i+yEBDalJdfQeVdlf/dZ/j6+DJkydaExnCps70dSruKyHdfw1 SW1nKFcgmjMS/QLy44wMNSE/UhXFD9QWMFeEnHl6JokChfRJZS4lQIV0ANRnFrLEkIAOU7VJIzkG q1Geds6UtvKOwngntU5+54ZUps5d4wPWhT/AFH1T8MoVyjMOxlPxZ7DpcRtUcpV6g/0qRbNV3ezX SyQLvHS6laShcqUnhY7Ej06fvVzTcTMYSH/JI25J6celNyo1s1NFEK5ITgJIS8f4T2NaIZV5IDRp yAiUytpkJivD81OPKHB3x96p9006+9MMxkFlKuFJV0IFD9UjUOjY0aNGlfi0Rr6XEp5SnP0/71Zt M6xi3WGwS2ErA2KAOQT+vejki1teEi6KvChKTKJgSFQltEgpbACFK9cetXrTmqvHkJiXNxTklA8y 1DJUPX7UFvJUy4qSiK2GFHK1N8Kz9u9IZecKA+3ggY8qhhZrLKJYdJulvt9wiIW0WVupB8gHOCOt c3ulnaZQEJTsbaUTk9R9qNWqegYcBIUrjBqXdpdumNtRJW9t5xeEuITkCr8WStMVgHTs5mTEZBeP y6leUEYWMHrVgRPdgylPR3VHcSnGOCPQ1y34jWa+aelpmWibvjsede1PC04yUkYzmrLpzXDd/wBD pUysxZ3KwMZ3Y7Z/StrwN/ZCWE59ubkPOOQkpiyQNyyBwVe9SPCZvEKI2paW5baSlzaMBR9aGsaj blMNydyHZRw24pCuD+napkufHQ+llTjaVgbkKR1J9KzTi4j2C7hoRx5fiNBSXEkKWc8YoSi0og3N b2381obQ57Vc4F3VLadakAkgZBHFD5MRh907nCjjIURxmsrkRbJFkHzMVATuW6SduT1pyclMlxIm NlCmzgHbgg/egs23S4oZXHeWnYSd6T0+1SIOpWrqpcORI+YfaVghRyoUVKxvCSLcSlWTuSrI4Pah L1iZiOF5ADaum4Ue2qZeSQT4R744qRJbiuNBL6SWFDz+o96tjKiFQY1A7aJqkyEFCGylfikZQc9P vT71oRd4yptvDcV5wqUkNjCVH7feoV+0vIMOVIiOfOQSr+5J83Hp/OhOm7utmc2tp5YYZb8NURWQ W1euKvtS8AXFVpXPtiPEkiFObA6JylfqDQxU0nxLc88pJIyppX0qSaMJuCbggFHPOM+vtUWb4b5V HkIAyCM+n60FKS9EopS9EXS13F1zT7rsporUsW5OMKJzwgjpRzR+rm7n81bbqoWufFG1yNJBCkqz jHOKkQ1z7EfHD7rrTf0bPqH61H1jZrdrQLelNpbmr2/9yhI8Tjpn1rRFxl/YlBC8MZZVHKwsHPKT kYI60C0+uRZrb8tNcaSyhSijbwlQJ71Dd1A7YlNxLghx7gf94E/lJGCME9ulGlCHfIEZ9iQhaXB5 2wM9PeqskOu0MnQAn6UekTXLpZpnyktGChxpYT056VJs2u7bcEpg6maaZuiHAG7g2c7kn1p2Uz+D TQWioNON5Vnp9hUMaat15jPARm1qI/iGFJ96qUhg0lCID6/GaVLjuKI3Ncjb61XZ9tRapL0y2lRb I4jcbT7+tKscmTpiSuOp8S420p8J85UM+/pT91bcXFD0Rado+psJJyParoyJRMg6oU0ythxveFIx hXJB9jUordfj+I02VNYypSe3tVHjOvrdUW47pS39ZI6VcLa6iWw3hRSpKdq0Zxnn0q71C1QzJs8u dFLkdxYKQVHaOlNRpaGvCalKUtxQwFhJFFpDq7eMJyFddp44pgSY07DbiUJe7en6VnaYyGpFvDMT 5hlJATkhPrTNm1Ql1lt9pKghXRDg/cU8/HchIHKi2eoVzgUMQyiSt1xzamKG/LtGMKz1z9qQcsci ZFnPIdjx1bVAb45V5SfagN+u6bQguNAghWCwRkpGeBSG0qhxy4he5G3cnnmmEvpmDxFoJWnkp25z 70YsNB+23ODNcjmc2HkIwRxkj1+1TdV2yC3Hbl2uUmS0snLIT5kCq4bMLqj8qQYisfWDjFIh3d6x zkNSG9zSeqldFVZaYKIETWTAuaYOVokIPCVDANH1z2nDtcTtV6AcGo83Tlq1VdBdo7KIdwbSQ3jg L++KGXK+yIdyiwJsP5WS6MhW3yrHqD/T2o9b2hboi3rSkXUaCpLy4ctpe9ojjn39qD2q5XrSNwcj XBXz0NXCZJHf0I9PerspLb+ScjaAQfahrtxdjLLc1Bfgb8pcSgEoz61W6eiWHod7hTIZDKkOtqGF pB8pPvQ6ba232HG0NlKFjGE9qqk+1LscxNwtMl19lStzzCk4HPoParLb9Uty1+bYVpA3ADBA+1Z2 urD6Boml25UYwC6WJiF5aeUcFf8A41IL7mnJojzleJyCD9Qqx3OzQr9AacL7jEhp3xW3Gcc8dDVd v8W4RW0Ilxi5xlLoOcjtV8ZkJcaQzLU6+lSE852ppyU8hUV4FP5mMpPrVUhPqivJ8PG5Y3FJoxEv Md5ZYdKQ4OeetN17CMkW6W26kbkpbd7gDiibscOI3BskkcKFD5UVz5dx2IkOOJSVJR03e1Lts9zy tOZSsJBKD1HtTyxVtBTGwt9hXnXn0wKmwJrcl3wsKDyT+hFblMh76eo6gUHKpNtcccZTu46K7VTQ Q1fWmywFPoS4g9fLkgVWJkUtSFvQ5bwbIwAk4wftRpjVUW4HwnkpSdhSdnIKvenvkUFnxo6vzFce FjrRQCvj4gsRHG2LotbkgpCCsjOferP87FuI8WFJRKbSgBQb4APcVXJlrjXppwusiPMTkJKkjINV aDAu+g3w2lxbrD6ypwpHAFOyHR0JXz/ATwQahu25L5O/aMeozupVqvjF2jpU262teADg0tUgxytJ StwHkYTQsnoEGnXbZNTKhP8AgJAVvj9UqNTIupEzlFqZFXHXnG53CUn0wafdWp1SeCB6GtTIDNwg mJKT4rAO5PYg+xpGxiQq0RpzagoJdb7hKsj+VQ3rTIiMLXDe8UJ+plzAI9NtA5blx0i4pyCUy7cE hZaHmWPUdasto1HDvUdtwAoK05APXPoaiCBmry6SG3mwT7jkfvU1TkmMA7aXFBeNziFGpE62sTVE 52r/AMQoXOiTLSEnzhpSeVjuPenWyWNjUqFzViZCcYkjClZOQrNHWlsywrwuQodD1FBEux7jFK1N pTJBwVDuBUEXdyA9uYwSnoFDgmnqgWFbhBZeWEbMFPQ+9Va76cVIVhK1sLH0uIJG0+tWiDc25yG1 LUEvfxJx0NSX46XlhJOCe5oxlukQrMK7SosNu23NtubHQnAUOp981Xvkm5VyIYSUtg8A9hR/UkZq 3JQEPpUtZ5Skdqj6cDZkOqW3nand6V7r+L4qcfkkee/kM3/igzFQrTluLiVJU04kpIB5P3Fco1tq dLrjgTzjOQDwKtmttTj5dTSQAroAD0ri94uPiLWrGTzk128s+qo4mOF7ZBuc5Lq0lPfrWUEkPKfV kZ61lcWU5WdOMVR9sIciREbMWeyJcZI2JLxyQKkpZXa3UeA6mTDcTuLaeS2faot2skywKglbqJ0O USpqUhWUge9FbjbxZ4bciO8282sE+VQI+1fPZRo64l9ReQkx3FIdzlKk8YNCdORpD2qbgq5PuIaW E7VqXwVY5+3apgU2/HU/Ge3OpAJYPBoY8+4+6cbm3CcKCuDVbHDl0U22pxhwbXf/AG3B9Jqvu3qZ p8lbrSpEcHqkFSqlID0YJEkFTKuApXQfY1FmuS7e4fCbTcYm3cUoPnTTpJkD9u1XAvtvLkReXEna sK6pPpjtUgyFx2itsqJ+9c5uNtjlS9Q2MuJcCv8AuYjQ83TByP3q3aW1DGu0ZJbUrCcJU24MLSfe jVECqbqxfGzEvTaJMbaQfEGSB6VUXtOT/h/Aeladccn2B3c47Akqzs5/gFTNTtTbQl2fGjGRFCgF oSfpHc0atDqVwGlpKnWF4XgnOM9qnZoDKQbZZ9W2uXKtjjja0Y8Vsq2vMq9vUClW9t+4W5Vr1G4p 5pCcMXIJ8wHYK70X1D8Pn7xcHrlp18WubjIIVhDmP4VD37UP09qZU51m33+IbfcEnwXmQPKo+oJ/ yq2GSS2mKcnc09dvhdql5WXH9PyXQpLg5SQR9Q/rXTLLfoEhtO1xDre7BSk5GKIamt7mnfmoc2Mu 5WJ4kKae8y20+qf0rmV20fcdEzY10sO646bkAuKQCCpv7jtXTx5FkVP0rao6bqHRTN2aSpCkLZUA tC0nBQfaqJCRctHIeizZLz8MKKkvKJPXsRVtsGq4s+IhcV9DiE9WFLwsDHP86s6Le1fmm1pZaKVp Kkk8lfFZ805Y3taIjnD02PfG2nGFqjvAHDrRxv8A/E+1RXIzTNufZubIgyinyLdOUKHb96Oz9LNW +alkboYWrPlHlBqHqrRFxusFa7TIZusNa0odjLOHEeqkirMc1JWMBbXlxIafYRIYUB+W4MpUO3/3 RluPJt/imB+dAABVHGNzY/8AH2qs2d69aJStF4hN3Kz+GUsoSfzmlZ7nHQYo3FvkaYlM63SVbCMq A42n0ppR7BTJhvUiG0l1kJcVwdp4o/Ev7r7QUsJJWnCkqHAqpyJEO4MpfZfEGUh3a4XEjw1j3P3q ZGcfiPFqbtbScbXUnLawemD0rDPH/wCh7RJu8a620vXLTQaXvUku251Xb+JQ9O/+fajumNaWnWXi W1t0Rr2yn82LIGzJPQJJ69v3oMtbyx+S+Y72fKsdKq9wtpfv6JDwVGurXmamtDAUPQ+tUqH+oll0 F7ftt0Ftukb5F9Z/KcwShYHvRpqUG5KXUAJWBjI6EVW3tVKm2tNv1LGVIWVYbmtYwnPQnvUlVpuF njMS2wuda1p8sgKBKfvVM4IZFxkRo95YCjtaeT/EkdarsyB8q7tUNpHQ+tLizleFuQSRjsafbntz CWpGSnsodRWWqLAd8ol0p2KCF9ielCPmEeOpEpHhLSsgEnr7g0aeiKjKK0q3I7Goc61s3uOQ6kbh 0V6H1HvU9ZYjZIfb3NELTjjFA1+Kt5ZYI3jhSFDqK1alztPTQHXUPQsjalY8yfvRq4WtVxIl29YQ 6TvO3ofaruqoNgpgwmwlvfh7+JBTxmpSZSQ2Ujp7UMmR2rp4iT4sWWkkbiCnn2J60Hb1BJsjwiXa KlDaiAJgVlP3PQCkocsTgUjzEkd6EvWtJuKJ7CvCk4CRsHWjLaQ8oAKS80QMLbOUkVGmxVW50PRu Qk5AcORmnBY3c7bB1lCfauKgZbWNuUeY89Qapz9mm6bk/Ly1eNG+pl1HKkj0NFlgySoKdU3IByHG zgiponiA0l+Wj5pDYyvxE5JHvTpL9FsYga0ZjJDUlKkpAyZJI2Y9D6VZI/yN7gIfcKHmngQCDkEC qhM0VFnxH7nYXC+081vVBcVkHJ52j7ZoZanZMF0/JPYcZ4XAdG3bnHbtVbxr8JZdp8dFtQlLfljB JHB+mmEtNORlowHG3fqHY0tF+jJIjyCkKUPpWOo/WpEWIhIJQolCuQn0FZrcWFFVlaUU8HJMBYjv YwleD2pqNqqRb3Y8ScFuvKIT4iR09z7VdA2WBhIwM0Nv1gjXmMoqQEPkYS6ngitEXGf9iUEkGLcG AFltWTwcA0t1k/IrjJWUNqUCeOuK5y23L0llwBzw0ZJ3kqSfejlg1Wq8PpSTgqGMEEftVOTDKH2i QRqjQEW7RD4oUor8ySg4KT65qv23Ri9KxluxnVhwJOHCrzH7kV01JU24EPZAPAFQrjFaWooSVADn npVuLnSX1mCikRr/ABr1DFpvcZhqQkjY8kEhas8c/wBKJSNPqsavEjyPnInGFd0n0oHq7TciGtub DKPBScusrGTj1TUWw6xftrSGJrbs6Gpzd5BlSM/zIrdKKnHtEHhY3Ui5t7TyegcTwofrUi33l+DM MS5JV4ASPDfB3ZPvRF6FGeabl2pYLSvqSD3PbHaoTUiBcVGPKbUiXggJJwQfWsqT/SWE5MWJdGSh Q3AYKVg4xVWuMWZpPUTM4KVdLQ4NjrWMFnj6vfmp8lqXYGw6ylUlrcAW93b1FTbXfoeoWiplBTtU UKac657giroxX6EHveBqZ9nwcIW2hSkONcEk1DFunMNkPqUraeNoxke9TrhbPwy5NT7YpMOSkbSn HkXn1FEGr4ZxQxNYbYkhPVr6F1VkgrtEATepIMOSiNPQja/lKQ8DhX2NKu+koIw/ZWEMJ2bwhKsh Su5z71rUWmHr42kxG0rRGUX1N9xxjiqLbbtqPTMl4eK5MhBeflVHCxz0FXQhJq0RhOZeJlusy1Tg fJklCRzgdvet22YzqKztyorqAtBC0bVeZY78UcW7A1PanW3Y2CvB4+tJPbGaoS9F3XQmo3Fx0uvW R5tSgG/qaUOSSnrjGelaIY1NU0L2L5bnVNKBUjwykbhzkE0TZkb1h0JSsjkZ6GoDTKHdJxbhBfFw C2j4riU8hQzkEdv1oVb7qWIrYbGUkcIV1qp8bq7Ddlrnzo0hlLagAtXVHWqudMWxj821jYsk70pV 5Pfip7EpD6kuLSELHISayOsWxcl5IU6lS/ES2B09adzljWhSiwJjsK9zo0iKUNNq3N4TgLGP265q 2XCSyi1xZSbaEShnDmc7x2HtVjkQrZqmJIW414CvDwgJISoK9c1T2GL1oq7hM5QuVpVtSyhaMraB 6mn7qa2EPsSm5DCFoUEOkeZsdjTchxqWwttYOegIphMi3T0OmMS0tKgUH1PvTYc8R11otlLqBy5s OP0rDPGrLEPou8e2vCPPWUNPYQ2s8Dd6E1ly01bHZDEppLiJSCrzpwAsEd/XFQptofuENUW6Mokx StKkkDr6c1CausvR14Tbbs2uba1K2peHK2h2z9hSqARm46ul6PjPOXJXiQAtOzZ5jn1yasds1Lbr 9a25cJ4Ptr4IT1FSLhaI9ws8p1j5e4W55IQVLCVdfY1z5zTlx0RBTNsjbcy37zvgJXtWhXritCwR kvRbOgJQthIcjKUg5/ShF009a77c0kPLtt3UgbHCMIX9/X9aiad1si4RmFPtfLOEZW2rkpPpVrlw ot8ghBHXzJWk4KT65qn4nAlnNJjFz0vqBUCa2pteSEvpUS056H2ouJ7/AIO15oBSj9QVuGPY1bXG gmIY85lM0eH4YU4M/Y5qrXC2zdOPr+VUJtrcQFKjpBU4ggfw/wBae0wEVd4l2MIeYQJkfd+bGI82 31H+lE1fK6ndEm0q8Jfh5Wh/ykK9MULTdItwY+YhKMUsLwtMg4V+gNQlMeM69ILj0WYTuQ81gpV9 81LoJYY6os1p623+CXB4e1O1PkUfuetBndPyNItCVb2XZVnyR4ScBTfc4HtU9OpnpjHy13jLACgl qWE4QpX3xRW2T1xWyAoLQMkoUcg1dGRAWzLYvcdO1Rfj4Ck54Kc0zNhqhkKbBSlXANY9pB2S3KuF gl/LTeVmIojw3fb25odAv8h9SoFzjqizUJBW0s8Z74PQ0JY73EWx60oj3QufNpDakEhIV1PJHWiS ISYpwF+XOQaE3Ke3ZAHFJJZWeVJT09/tUmPNJgpkoWh6OrkKCwRiqt3oZMRd7Yud4rbUhbDzg8ri D3HTNVq226dFuDrkh5SVcYUO5HtVkemeNFcLKkokIG5KSeFexqJGuKZ7bandrL/RaM8Z9q0RnSpj DqNVMqlIauTKTICfDS47wFJPSmb7G+SSX2AVISN3lH0ik3i3tyFgSmdgKOCRwRQ+06yc0nHW+QiX AWfCW2RlSRnqDVqXYATs+oG5bBCiXEkbVhwYPP3p1ppKUhCeWx29KirbiXlK3GFqaVwpOxP1g9jT EiBcbTEivSU+VSyEqSfqx2NVzxsHYMvRnUx0vMNF/B2qZ9vWtQ3GnlLSlOxSeFJIwRUa2agWl8Jc SpL6TnYatlhgRL1cER5HiRw+DtdAA5wf9qrWNtE7op0+BNYeW9GfCEEY8NScg1FM9mXJEOYgrd25 yRwaP3+FNsTpiSkJStKdxKljAT65zQ1bUO4MMurkRklBwl/xUjGf15+1VvHNfgymgKliXZpilN+e GVBSEDO5OetFJTkTWFvSzJ3pkNHEdwKwtBrVwd8CU3DDsd7ybkuBxISR980Ndbj/ACplIuMRiSF4 2+OkcZ+/NPH5UqSI5IdKZ+mJHyE9KnmVIw3JzuOPRWOh9/tRmyWhy9QSPI7GdV4e/dkKNBInxBs7 MhMO8uMy20JxhlYKV/c5obM1JZdHzGJtovSER3FlTkRRGGv6Gr4YJy20UOassUzTD1qmSGWHcJRl AQfpJHagEtkSGWjIjmJKAAWpJ7fej8z4v6OdhCUq8JckrBJQG+VL/eqvL+Lml5QQ9NkqG4gKT4QI H354ovjy/EMsiDEC+LtrqWVk+Gv6cc4qwJu8eQkMrJWk9/Q1ziT8U9JMTGnWZDjkfJClNo3H221A m/GPTZfdca+YbTgAbWTkn1NU/wDFy3pDfJEvF20aiTKMy3ISpbSclSTjIPt3phK4spLbEiKGpaU7 UqQMbsdyaqMT4+2q2PMuIbecSgHO5P1/oOgrLz/aK0/cY6FNWd4ycHK0naB+9XR42dPwV5Ylkflz LRKC1KU40kbsAZ49MUcj+BqFKHYT6USFoBSnbg59K5cPj4zNa2R4DCX20ZKXSQCkdfuftVXb+L0m JJMmJGSzlzcltKzgCt8cGRqmiv5EduBcjPOIdKkPJJ3BWQDUkKJCFqSDnua5Dcv7RE67wxHegRAp KtwfH1j2NCWPjld22gklrAOfoBpJcKcvBvmR1y420MvHDSWC55kgDg571EYusy2L2hxWUnBB4/zr k1w+NF+uYT48lsltWUFCMEe1QZvxbv8AdADKksqUOUgtDg/1pY8HIvRXmR3tnUEO4uAvna6CPMqn 5hWUqSAl9l3IwoZrzZI17d5KysyUpWccpQEj9qX/APkW+JaWhF1fbJII2q6eoFW/8GQnzI7jA0em O48uzK8JoqxscX0V75NT0XqZZ5BYuZbLYASHgobc+/Nedla1uhdUsznlqKt2SrvUaRqiXIBLsla8 nPKs0r4En+hWdHqRcqOtCXo8qM4FHAG8A+/BpL0yG4hxSbnD8RAztLgFeWTf31lBLq8NnKdqiMU2 7eXXN6gspUsAE55of9On+sP/ACEelpU+MULbXNhhB8pHipIP86CKn2W2TGkM3RlpaUklCVA7iB/C e9eenrqotrBWshY2nB5Ipr8U/uxg7kjANaI8B0Vvknoln4kwmkrCpLSkHoodRUuN8ZbPDdWJz6ZU UoKFpIySPYV5oXPUVcnPtSTMHQgftR/4Av8AyGehZHxI0cltxTbklkHBQAAon246VBg/FTSLsh9h 7xUY+lbqcf8A3+lcEM47snGBSm5oQSooCsjnNOuAVvkNnpSTbiyhmS2cxnUb23EHOfStw9RJYwZC HCyCUkp+oVy74efFpqyyTFuiXHWkpywr6k4xykjtR26/Fu13a3pjRbalhwKKlPlXK/arMfE6y2hZ Z3QaD6rtceUFa1KKWz3xUy/BFogpC1JaWTyAoZrlr+t5QZCG3AzhWdyBg/bNCH73IkEhx1S8jnNe qwz6Q6o4uSLnK2FbzNTcErKXAQFH9earBgNZUFKyD2p511SEJAPBPaoqlqzyc1Jy7EiuotmFFYSR 4YUD3PNZW4/5izzxisqnqW2z6oytfI0VdYMW6tyZNqK0oCU8pG49c9Bj+n2robsWPZXRNjNmfaFl LioxV9IIzgVz+5xXXXHINybR80nyraKfIoeoz7YqHa9VXLRqVwpK3ZtrcX5Xdm5TKfQjGSP1rw88 SaOwdZMe3XhoXWwpLJwPEaP1IP2qPJYhXiQHrmvwJqEhLbqfLn2NUZqYLncm3LfP+SdCtzDgO1pz uM/f+tXGURc2w1MQlMoDLiMcE+orDPG4+jWYZZZjlp4+KwOo64FBUzpdknLlRm0ybes7SEHK0g9e O9EG0eApTa8uNkYz6VEU2ILyBDUsIUcqCumap8HWwbO0+1cGX7tZLn8rLSsFcdfkDiPf3oPEWJcx xfzCLddGhgI52vDsQe9Wt6EzIbUUp8JxQyT2JoFMtqHGS28ypRH92sHBQfUGmuw2WO06ilWtpsyG y6t4hLoxlGPejrjhjtu3C37C2c7mc4T9setc/hyptrO2S05Ij43eOece3FEo16adKdisoIztzStE LFCvEC4bVxHizJRy7GdOMY/5/OoF/wBPW/Wa3FvLXBnpP5TzZwQrsfeojsFifPQ9FbDLykhJXnqa RCvSYerF2y/OuQmg1uZllOUFfYE/8/ShF09AK3bNRXzTd2e09rlkSAFbYk5CvK42eiT6kDHp6elW G46McYUm6afUFxVtHxIhP5avXj+nrnpR+6w4V7Jj3qOmY25kodQQQnIxuB9KoqbXqP4PNl+M8u86 dcWpaUlRUpoZ6H9K09m9xFopd90TClS0XG1eJAmsf/s20ZQN2OSk9f05ojoOXqFuQtplJfiBeQtS uUeoOOc10hTdq+IVkRItTyRdFNeIU8b/ALGqKi2y9K3YPSA5DnrI4OQh33rZGfePWYp0VLTd8glq aotLwfOOSD/pVLW7N0XdzIK8Mo5CznYtNTWr8LhcFuNPIiSWgHC04cBQ74z1qxtvwNV2ly3zkAsP AlxIOFD3FZenR6IV9QtXxDUwuOPl7lyotbgOO5x/Wqzqb4dyWG3Y8JYtrywSl5KcoOSST9/eiUrT Ldqf32+SpHg8NvpPmx6GtwtQTEv+BLUHdoyFOHyqz1FWxy0yUVK36nt9hsH4VrOKFqQoNGYz5gvJ OFE9v+fpYrNE+WbXEZdbv2lnk5bSVAuM56EYqJfNIzYaH71CYaulqfRh2M/g+GrOCUDv9vvQeHp8 2ZZuOnroGSoj5mGhQCD3wB2rWmpbFLYzYmLFGaNvfeulvBUFoUR47I68juKiSFwrvbwuTv8ACxu+ nzI/SkR7im4vpmQHDb7mDhbb3CVHuD25qXEVF1O7IYkH8FvjavK2SQy97g9OaDgmFOgcJkZmE62l arjBICPFIBU39xT1pvNw0a+uXElfO2NQKno7xykem0f0oLedJiB8yGS7brmF8tqOGnvb0/UUGsF8 mxGAiU38rJKilcN0gpWB3FZpYi1M7N8lG1rYU3GxKS08tOVMJV39Ko0rUDdiuybZc0PQ5quGg6nC XT/4q/51oTanbhapxm6deKCo5ftq1FKVj1Tir7brxpb4xWhq0XZtMa7JJ8PxUbXWVjuFdf8AXNZ/ gv8AB7A6NXoti1mWtAYVgBJFEo91jT1ExVhSDjgHOP0ql3DRl00c4YV9Pz9pWvaxPQncpv03fy5q lrfnaJuy5NtcEqC6reXUc5T6EUsuM/wnc7BdIzTyvzgUq/xAdabtjL1tdUsPKLav/b7UJ03rO164 jSoLr4alKZPhtnylRyKW7EuulopL2ZUFCRuLh/MT6e2KoljlH0dSsOXWF+Jxw4FYXnKSOoNU3Utm kXCMiLLYMhlS8lQODj3q222ei4xEuRvOj+IHjFLbQp11aHUkf4QapSsaznxiXLRBjqiOO3G2OHJb AyWsdqsTV/YuMNMmGtL7P/utEedFEXky7bMLjKEuNn6mnfoVVfutgZvb7k+2k22bgtlDRwhSvcGr Gg3Y69EjOlqTDdC853oUMFNFYyUbSSgYWMFJ6EelVa1rZTJFtlyTBuQwN5Thtw4z19KsMS8xPE+Q eQ4zOQSASnyOAdwaTZKES7MILaJVmkKhS0rypn+BQ+1B4Nxj3m8yWZriWbjnCXFI2hzHvVhmSPDT wOD696DXKJGujalLSlLqQdjiQNyT7UdjIRfrXFloLE5IbJTw8OqfQg0EYn3HS77aHlKm24eVMlvz Y9ArFEUS5ENCmJ7CLhAUzh13J3j2xSIzMdiL4dtcVJhOpypDh3KFD4k/QotVtvke5sJyRk4wR3FL mFbba9oKvSualqVZ5nz0RwrAGTHNWS1/EeNLuLUWQ3sW4noBhII7fellx2vtEKDqw1OhqQ62FJIw UKGarV+0/wDhZE9pavlUt7lJQMbCO4PrVuSpqSvcycp6+lauNx/D4yEODxIxUCpOM0sOQ4OpAKRH 10uSWgjdKORtfSR5R75qzsPoubW1TgJWMhxBqrXrRxn3f5+ypK0bSVNNKAAB65GKct1vVEiIetTm 1AOFxn1c5HXFaZY4ZV2iQssqGFxlMvJBB4Cs0JRYYjCypyP4iccODgpqTDvqJ+UqR+YDgt9xUa/X x21utf8AbrciuDCy2nJRjvQhBw0mBoiLtEixyUTbUfEZBy/FeWdih6j0NEENM6hSLg20lL6E7js+ pPpmmBf2XGUOxzvaKOd3X9qgRdPupdN1tNwLMhefEioVwQP8QrQ0KkSlT3mFFm6IUljqh1I3DFBC 0qJeZrrJWWt2UOtjgo9xR9q8qlbmbkG0PDyEY4VUz5dBaKmkBLRGMDuKV6GQMj6jjvFtiSQncrAX 0qXKjR17HElJCTkFNDZVpLayGT5FHJSRWW92ZZ3VflolxFcKacGSj3FZ7YTGLk/brkPEK/D2lSVp HGfSoMuINQLX4TvysjcC26njar1/2o283+JxFqjpSlBJBQeuRVOU3MgzfFYV5d4StKucDvWrHNiM aujMuBcIuyWIk0O5MlsfluKHY+maO2zUD17uzYnKRHuKU4dJ5acHTcPY0Yt8zxbY8wthtxt3qHEA lPvQS+abctzqpDD/AI0VaRhBHnQe/I/rWlzfghCuGlXoSE3jTs5uO8havFtyV4Qr18tP2WRadSNN JWw5DuDKDlLvlSFdyfWhtpvzNnVIXNQt2OAEhxrzLSeOoqbOtkPUARIjObHiAUOJ5AxVan/rGSIl 4jOwEhbmSgHCXE9hSLLevHkhCleIj6QpAyf1oo8mS/EKLkQVgFOWx5SPXFQ4Omk25UaZES4gJ3J2 /wACs+vFSUoSQ1BMIWlzewopWOnvWInvOuPtzErVkDBJyVU0xO8eUptlOHQCVMnrx1xTE6WmValT Gwn8sEbCsJXuHbGc1Q1/gCEjSjVneXJiuvHeCotq6Yo3brooRy2sjY4MKJwar1l1Lc4LCGr4yEpc ISHWPMUJPZQ+1GERkacujd1hj8VtbjZLrSSCk8dQOe3NK4sKZYnG5LdudTGX4zak/mNg5wOxoFaI aG5UcvMiS26opcSsdB681LiSG57JuFrdCo5H5kZRw40fQ04Zsa4JAGEvIHQcEUEh/SmIs0zTs9c6 3F35TxMuRNxwkeoqVa9Twbvc7ghx/wACWhYPgOAjIPpnrVhmMOJdaQsqbSvnKehoHddEw7oHCsFq QtQU2+2MFOPetUZaoSgRqfSbF3SFrUYziTlLyRyD7jvUOFrG6aZefF5WgxkJHhSmUbW8dgodj79K nLnTLO4Ik9C3WQ5hL55SR2ye1OXm0OXqGp2IEOKxnwl42qSOuaui1VMBdLfdGbhbosh5xh0SWg42 ppQOR6/71t9p0NlyKrarjkdhXM9K2sw5TzsFKmHlkZiOkJQDn+H71e9P6paub64j4FvlkEGO8dvI /wAPrWTLH/6hTA2ptKtXhC3CC3LUrd4qTjJHQmgjEt8W/wCXlNeE6FYKknhWO9Xu4PlTbiUo3EHn iqzNtgWVOIKiDklOKwybXowPgPS0xn49xabkR8/kLC84z3IqNMXLsV1U6wFzbcoJ3KaPDfHOBjmn 4QEl1TYeGEkBST9Sf0qbHX8st1sEOt7iM4/pWnG00QW0FutuS7a/4u1IWGM4H2qZdFxdbxl/PpVb 5xSEtOtgJLah3z3PvQm6sLCUqtjiBJaTuV4Y4WO4Oay4vi5wGn1MqgvM87lnH3PPatUfr4I2gXJM mywVRrq05cErcwmUhPlGeMYFQndKeGy65a5GI74z4O4BIUO3tROz/Fy12FaU3ZTa4SMqdKUhZUMH p6fcVStSfHPS1kvL0vT0J9yM8nf4MhOAFeoHpVkcEsj0it5FELW2SsRQ2tLhlBRQphaTu49D3pUV 233WY3FmpELcrzLkHZtx3rlmsfjfd9TLG1mIxtUC2tlOxSQOvPfNUy5ann3d4qkSHXOMDco5rbH+ PlLbZW8/+HpJ/Vum9NwVxZN5blu7vykpO9QR6e9Ue7/F2w2x5XgxDOZcVtCF+UA/YVxDA37yMqHH NJXgnkDH2rbDhKHpVLOzokj433WOAIcZETYsqQUK5Ppn7VBd+N2rpYKlXFKQ5u3JUnIGf8I6CqO4 kFOABj1plICTyK1rBD/Cn5Gyyf8A5H1Q8hsuXl0rQTheOn2rHPiNq15nYrUMgAdCDyPtVbOEjHrW KUdvT7UVhgvEL8jC72qL1JbKZF2lSc9VOryT7VGau9xZZ8FE93AzytW7+X+tQd/kGQK0CM4znNT4 o/4Tux9c6UVkuTpD2TkBThAH2xSVPeI40tZUstnIyrv60ypPn/rWbwOMfrU+KP4ifI2OuPeIkpUE kHnGOlNYbCAkISQOxpOSVZ7e1azzxmnUF/gvYV5AjGxBHpitoSnKcAAenam1ZT+taWspR5etToid hzeEdCK048FJzxjrUc56j9qUfMnGMVOqJ2HC+MZIFa3pTgcYPpTISpI2nn7UrwzkZ6elTrQOzFlS MHKRnp0pKXQAcAdfSlLSFDpgU3s2gg1KDZm5Oegx9q2MZzgftWFI6CkgDOM801EFleB0FYFJKc4F IVykgHmkEhIxn9KYFi1OHOAODW0802XCo4xTan9vBGD2o0DsOLV5ue1IKsDnikFeUncc5ppbmE9K NC9h9C+vQVpxyovibiM0lTgBpaJ2Hy5kZJ6UkO4UKZDoINJU4M+lFCj5eIJPWtFw9RUYPBRIHFb8 YYIp7oI54uVcmnQ8FDqKhlWTWws0bIPOOA9AM+tIjSSy8PMACQCT0FNhR79aadPNEUs0ubHYCQ2s P57oHenY5ztWpBSgnvQOxSG0SwXWvGSP4c1ZFSAtIQBtQecVpg7KZKh1exbRG4Y7YqCtIbTwP1pz eArGTjNOyWkBtISck9auKwakqQTg4rK255VYxWUljn2At0+Jry1NT3g47GyUIkJHmQoe/qDVcvTX 4SpcaYsSIp8qZSU5Cs9lVOuNkNhWu46UkLZgyVKXJtLh8qVkcqSP5YpnTGoW5ttkRJrSJCnvKUud Un3BryThZ00yuKjJhblRlB1kII8DqAexSf6VZ/htrNGorY3DvS/BubaVlpxxWOATwfUY/wAqE3ux x7O8iXbXXZMcIw/EI8zPvQOVZmtTWhz8PdW3KWrc28nhST2BqpwvUg2djmKSpG5CcgDmgSbk2JJK SCkdQT0qtWDVitPJTaNQhcORHbSFXF5X5D+76cHsfarFedCPXJCJ9nVsdcGQkLy2s+/+tcnLilGW i2LJomIkvIQg5z0ApVwiyPGYWhQ8BOfESetVCJIeeKo7/jW25xiFA9DkHnHqKOw7+/MLjT5Qp7PK kcZ98VT1aLasJzHZunWUyImJ8RxG5yKo5/lQGZAjyrgifZ8R39mXIjqep9BRhLawgrWeO2aG3K3u yVtPR1+DIbIIUk4yKjkg1RKtV3E+W1H2+BL2+ZCjgZHWilwlR7wsRpbaHFbAAkjk+9VWfDbu0tuS 8VtS4/LbjJ2HPvj7d6krQu6JQ0vKHkq8rgOFD9aqslC3Z9y0onwws3Cypxhgj81rnqD3HtVitF5Y u8Fz8PeTcIgx46BzsJ7EVX2Lm2l0sS2ys7cBzPf1NC16WcFwVN04tyLccblIaVhD2OoIFXxkVsTf 7BctPTVah0kfAcSD8zD6pUnvgeuasem9fWHWMdm16rZWzc1BSU5yCkj1z1pqPdTcX0tSW/kJ6k+e PnI3DqBUHUmgIt72v4+XuSMFD6QASB6mtsJf6VjWotArs4DyR+I24ne2+RkpFAEalmWSch+MlsPN 5CQ4nKVDuDVw0XrWbZ2UWG/fnpGUJfUMjGf51vV2kWLkxKk23zYwS2U8KHt70ZZYrTGQ5atRxNVy EhpllmSpsKcjjge+KrevNMyJbUpyA3sVtwI/fI7g/vQy320QFKG5TUpBBSkjCsZ6VbLRraBekvMT VLi3RpYQWlowFD1z0FVV/wCQShWL4inT8NFpkSiQlSVBuSklSfbnrXRL/o60323sTrI9GiznGtzi mxtQ6rA4I+9DtWfD+06rbbdLPyc5vpIaSNywOxJqvQX5Oi5DducS53V4TmSFD1Sa0QmpLQrK/CX4 F9RZruh+13EJ3JkKRlpZ7YPpjmrQ0ZDqPAufhurC/wAqQhOMCj16XaNdWhuI8yFrSPK8eHGj6iqC pcn4cTUw7q5JuUE/TJSkqSyO244qyU0iF6cQ8lyOzeEC6Wojc1IScqZIHb0qu6o+EDmo9jltl71F G5l1JAWD6EZq2WGTFuDXjMlLsZaQU4OQQa0uz3ODcm5VkeCVtkrUy6ryqHcAVlWdpho4m/E1Xo2V GTf2UuxSNiZkfJ2Dtu/lVgYZt94bQlyQ5Fko8zE5jG8Hrgn0NdVRfYOqWX7fMghmStJSuI6MhRPU prnV00K/p6S0iGpSWCTvSvlSPQCtUcsWMGrN8VHLDbVWDVGLkw+2W25TyMtnnov9O/2rWqfhdLQ0 m46W+VuMF05XEQrgp/8AGq5ChrcSpmbDbuTJOHGlnd5fWnrQ3eNBrkztMuv3O0oHirt6idzCcdvX vkCrOwKKP/0YxdrvIXCmJgXhlOfkVHw1JI9O9We2fEmZbH24OoIzuQAlbxG/aB6irm/ZdM/G+F8/ HDNp1GztKXjhLoV6KGc1z7UFouDF1ft+p2DFlhYablo8zbqexz2/zqluOTTB4dEQ7AW4mfCeaWw+ kALZIGfuKYveqoWnbeqZNUUJQOoSScfpXKn4y7SSlL647STkLjr8h/570m9T37rZH7bKX46HW/y5 IVyjP+dY/wDj9ZX+Fydl/wBO69jasnNMRnm3lOJLiU5HKRR1uF4iy42gMlRyoDvVE+Guk7fpOzwm URTMeeOUykkZAPXB9KvzcwxxjBUjsByRVGWkyxDNx0oze4impDQdA8wJ+pJ9Qe1VW8Qp9jbjtbFz YbSifE6uNf7V0SBcG3m9yFbscEd6yfHTLQQCEk8896rVDHNbfflSC20+Uvtg58QenoaNogolEyIy cMLOODkUMu/w+fL8ibaT4TvK1MBWG1/70J0zqJ2G6Yq0fKuJJ8SM6o/UPQmi434Sy4MxkxjkgE+h 5FDnrE+qQX7S43Fk7irBwEH1FTXZka4xssqw4oeZGeRQ6HLctMoBSiWVcjuRQSYxHuUSLcYDhlOL jXFrBSpnOFnuDVal28IkNJeYLT4AU3I2/V+tXAXiLMdcRtTkHnIwakXRtM23qbwCkDOCKZ5/i+rJ RX7ZcZjLjYUoBsEJKkmrc3OiTvEYU0pWU43+hqpRYTjCd7aj4J4LKv8AOnkT3rQ626lnx4hP53Ul A9R7VkyKM/sh0FhaHbUpx2I64hR6gHAI9KHzLem7thUd/wCTmNHdg9F+1WyK4m4NJ+VWl4lO7ynI I9qByXGGLo234SkOqJBPoarxZZQ0GgGovIUkrT4UgD6kipfzvzDGyQjxD3z3os6ylZJWnPGAaDLb cilSEYUecYrapOXgjHI+jmUO/PMPKZQokFocpqLctMmZH3QXVw5pzlSFYCsdM1Ci6lWVlpbjkVYV uLLvl3e49aPNyVyW0raWEOA5H3qx9o+gRWGLxCfeTar4yu3TWxliWk4S4se5oha7s7AkuR56ioHB Q6MbcVLvEJOosNXRhD6EdCE8j9arcpp22+JEWhcu3OeXeOVNj/ak7dgl4lR/kw1NKkrjLIGUnNTU JYmIUGilDp6H2qlzQuyQWkIeMi3ueVt09RjsodvY1jD0xi3olxngpQXylRySPaloVhmWhTKwppxS HkKORgYVQR6CqStxTakodJKvMcJUfSibd0alxnAtJMhRBRW0COYSUvNlL4Ur6qtjoCA1l1J8226J yvkri26Gg3jyr46g/bFWAuH5pcWQpDEjbubS5/7g9qC3a3R59ub8RGFoPCh1qqKcujUpMaSTLt4B 8KUpY8RoDoD3rYqkgUWq66UTNfbejFMZ5XK2gn+8VjvQi3wHbBHdddAhtpJDjSjkdeoPaj1mmrRb UOvvNSFoPHhqypKfesmBq5tuIfw6yseZKqolBr0ZG48yHPt7fhvNvLXkqSOoGKFLmP2hSi2VuR/4 mieB70Lvtnl2pxmfa1kNtYDjI5KkHjgU/bdT+A640+PBWtO0+J3z96ocX7YwSlwWbzDQ7HUGpCsK beb+pJ+9BlRTbXVtXFopUMqEhI8p+4oj8s/b1JfhnCU//wCuT5Vev2oi7dYV3TsSy62SAlxt8d+9 Wxn+MRqwEHo5YIcTu3IylX8NQ4rs2xIcEEpTHkDCoxVhJ55I4ODUqfZHoi1eB+bFVz4Z6o+1CYD6 jIcf8QvsJO0trThTfb9qtlJALpa3GivxI7SYji0+YDAycd6myoEa7wikr+TmAbd6B9f3oApBnNHY RjqlSFcpNT7VKQctyCXSBtCkqwc+9Z2yxCnxKgpQw+suIb4Cyc/zqRGurYb8F1xKUE8bsDn71Kg3 FhMlTExovMHg84oPqDQ/zhfuFscU/EbH/wCs5ypGOc0ilTDolXFLbkZxp2KmSw5wtPpVSSZ0F5SI CkNRRlJbxkge1StOa3bN0lWi6IVEf2BLDjowlSs9KtUvSsp9lySEoZUoYGVJSk+9Xy7/AIDRR1MN XSHhaVtyQSkYJSc9jmgjcx+xTm2bkz4zrWD4m3c4gH+fSrNqoWW2W/5a7XRqHLJylTDgKz+1cnv/ AMZLA9MUQ647MZwnxAjAcAOAP/rNPix5W/BHKKOsj8ZnR/xCyMtXa2tL2SAlwB0e4T7DtRZlsyoa Xk5Zb5HiLHlGOpNebW/j2/p68vv2SIYYcb86kLyFE9cg96p93+Jt8vri1KnSGGFlSlR0qwjJ74HF bH/Hyy+6KHlo9DaluGm2XBLk3SNBltNqUl1hXndx6+tU2b8d7XFgraUwXJax5HGuNx9wa4Mpa5Aw 6S6roVrOTSFEDAUNwHStuL+NhBbKXns6ddPj5cHEhdvjiG4jIDjK8LUP/LNVK8/EPUl7dW5KvDr4 Uc7SBhP2FVxKQtH0DBPpS+AjPHXOK6EeNCP4UPK2OPyXZu1clYccTwFdKZdbKxlQGD0yK0rGcEhI xkUtb6/BQhaypCR5R2FaI41Hwqc7GkNjbwB+1Ztz+lJS9g9cUkyEqGB1z1q5Ir7DoOeO9IWMHApt T2aShzxF4zj3NSiWLKgnqMjvTa3UkelYpYJxuCh04rSlJUOg4oUCzArcjITxnrSScgCsaIQk9wa0 eD04NRBuzSUnPpWLyDxSktOK5AJHXitA7UnPXFBkNZwnJ61okmmySo4z/KlA80KCKCtiSB1rQPrx SVrAGaSXkpwahLFlRVz2rSunFNh8YOa0Zaf0oAFJVgkVvnGaYVKTn702qakDB6USEsHIz3FYokj2 FDVXEpPlx9qadnKUAAetQIWU7xzSA8Ackg0KMtQSeaaMpXPPFShgv46dxNNplgLINChJPrSS4fWg QKLmJSrmkG4DIwKF7znPWtEntRAEvns5JABplUkE5qGFHoa2FcZpiUSVSjjrSPHUo9eKZznrWA1A UOF4ngc0kqyOetJT9VYeT1pbJQpvO6nHVA4PQUgZ4wKxSz0PNANGITk5pSk8j0psLOcmnEqGCSea JPDRG04paBggnJGeaS4sYFKaVgZxkelMAxagFEJHFNuDKeOuKdKgVEgYpIX4ZyBn7ipsUZjPFl1K h2PNWxiQl1lKgUnNU9X1k9BU+3yvDO0q4NWQlRJK9hxbmFg9SadVIw0Bjn1of4wGVZHFaEsE4q/t aKKH1ublZNZUdTwz7VlL2Go+vNjmGJFai3Bba3So7JTavIsdqf1P8PGr3tmwX/wy6Noz4rR8j/oF f89Kk6l+Hy9NWl9y3fMXO1DK1QMbnWh3Ke545oDpHVTNqZdcclmXayryocIDrPqCP+dK81CakrR0 GUjU14vjMHwnAuFelZaWCvHio9R+lRdO6hXelMx4jS7RLjN7XJJOEuL/AKZzXdNV6Xg6ptbS4qUT WiEvILeCtlWM8Y/yrlF/0tNgwEpQkrUlwrUttHJHooVboULFbk9o2vU1sZnBI8yXCTn0Uk+3/PZd uvV6+HcVbltjm92VoklsKJdaSeox3xVcZ1FPhx0JEf56SjKksk+ZRA4GT26VaNOzl3uEq62f/srq 0hTcm3SFbQV+ozVcoxYbotDTli+KVjcn2+S4qYMEJQAHGzjkGq5bnGtM3P5K8pKVuIJjymxwtXor 0qu2a5mFdzMt0ZNmvjSsSWMbUvHOVAj71ab38TtOahc/DL8y5abk6NzYVHJSojuFdDWWeHt4XRmH zc2Xmik7ce3Wq9J1EixIxMKnUqWcKSkkgHpwKqEK+/Oatl2W2PqnNxWUvOLQfMn9P5/vV9YisXCO UuNIcXjG4jmuTkwuL2XqVkltyNLShbDzbyFpCsoOcZHSkoQtp4OAHynIoALRK02AuBHU6zuz4KRg Ko9Au7dwaPh/lqH1Nq4Uk+hrJVFlkwNxFoL4bS7u8riVChDkYwbiJtilYbQpKVxXV7tv29PtTs1D ze96NkuBONg6K9qBoRIU+mbDR8vKbPnbWnyr9j/rRiK0Hb3ZkX5pTjqfDnJBLcpo4U0o9/8Aao7W qJGnbFGjX8OyZLaiFTmkFSSjPlzgdaTpfVSL0JnzKUw7hHVhcY8ZT6j1qxNPolRHW3Gw6y6MLQpP BFbYSS9KmgYWLbqsuMMyW33W0jKmxlSM0NRKvGhbs1GfLj8B44LqTkJ9zTL2mZ2k7lKuWmFo2OtA Lir5CiOo/WrbbnIuoLQwHVpFwUnD8NweZPqPehNxb0RITOi2zUjRDr7TEhCRtdR9aj96rN0toYkF uczh5YDSJbI5IHQn9/50QvOnZcFgPW0N+KkgFtzIBT6cVVovxJuzeolWqbbGGm38NrJJwE/4gT9s 1I/+gMO2jWSdGzlQb2yZUVwDwpZTnAPQKx0P+lW1+Bb7xACypmZGeHkkNHOPcUJu1pisqUyhKJjT gAWh5O4f7UKt8BzT7iE2lsllSiXIy1eVOe6arbadoKVlVkaZuumLhJd+YXIhoSVNY64znOB1qxaR 1vB1HCdhy4rbrjwDa1vgbSCMVZ1vplNhwHG4EKSeoqq3LRDD7ypLBMZ4gDyDhQ9D7+9P8jkthoU9 p9zRjbz9rSh2EtHLDZ8qD7USsGqIV7jOKiu7ltj8xtXCk/cVDgasjWl1NqnoUhG3AKgTjHvUe6aO iS7ii6WmUY0hWSpTYwFj3pSJBa4Wxi4Ft0gofbVuQ6g4Uk1JbuQWtMeehbw24+YA5H39aq8HVy0X H8PuMVcRxOQh1X0ufarKW1oaRJGxyOs4JTg4PvS20FMpmorC7aHnJ7Lig6jKiWj5VJqLbb+JS0vp kJjunAPhHGfvXRXraudaVICfFbP1BPOBXKrlp5i23B9TbITtyUqCRz96s+V1Q1k2dpJJdkXu1SBA vDQ3IKThDxJ+kj+vrRC2/EOBfULsWqoiVyVAbnHMk9OqfXH9D1xQa26gDLZbmq2thQ2qHTHrS9X6 bh6hiq+WcbeUhAdS80cLRj0NW43bEaI96+HV0safxi1PjUFnJJcijgpR7VUZUdu4QHJdsa8iVlK4 6vqb9QaP/D3Wd10Y0qC8/wDiVqWveHHFfmNA9sd6tl00rA1pGduek30QJ2QXEFICXD3yPvmt3/6K nRSrJ87AtzLsFwAZy60VE/oPc1cbPqBmWrK0rQ8PrQtJH7VQmp9wsU/5O4NqhzEHcVKT+WvnjGTV gkX+JLDS30Fl8ZKnMjaR7VlyYe3hamXKA3FQtbjI2uLOcf7VNccIBA/Y1SrbclxQ24XQtpYyhaTk kUfavLUgHK0pNcqUJQdMtTsIFKo4CcEBQzx0qvav0oxqCFlppDEtvBRJSOU/f1ow1JWhxO8ko96V McLKAprzJzymipSTGONok3HR94UxPBWMkiUhJ8MjPerlatVRbzFcS0WlpXweAT+hqzSbXFurLiZD Ic8RJSd3OK5rqfQM7SbiblZm/m2DwpKcpKPXqK2QkmTwnXbTqpsoS47ymdmAUpPBA9aIWvUUdpfg yitopO3c4CAf1NMaXvirgNzCmwlSAHEPqAOe45ojdLVHlFTj7e9sDKsDgD2rNNxk+skGwnLYbeYC k8JOCCOmKFvNKgk78Lac45HGKFIu6rNNWW3FSIG0ANr/AIR7VZ2JLF5gJdYAU24PMlXakePqtD2D YseTbJKpNvdyduUsJ6E+1EoV7ZntErQA4D5gtPmBqvv2m5Wrc9AS682lW4o/wfb2pMG6MTXlAZbV /FvGDms7iMHJ9x+RShZZ8ZlXBKe1D/n44AWRscUeh5qftKGNqtuwjIND129EglWAcdMdasxvqBoa u9kt+pIb4ebV81sw281gKSc8Z4oJAnSbY+q13NCmpiEZbd6JcSO9Wi3wygKdbUFYVtKCrzD9K3fb YzfGEtymgTgAL6KArb3UlTYnhKajKjx21L/MWpIVyc8UMulnbmMpVFdUw8V5UnjbUIquNmdaRHZd msHynHOwe9OfiUh4lTGx1Q+pAOCmqXBw2gWP24Nw23Y0nK0OApUkpyD70LvOm1RyuVZittAQAI6j 5VetGYjjMpoh0YX069KbT81CeQjaXGFdFg9KMZdvSFbZRFv1s2turtV8jKAKVk4c/enJl7kRTEtt 6aSw+4SWZIG1J9qLz7dBu8hBLXgzGlhaXUK2nj1om7Kj3G3ojX2Cia22rehwjlJxjg1oSF8KsLh4 jqIjw3NqBKXEjj/+qlzmmm2VpbbC9ySkZ5xkU7+GNtLUWfzI2PpB8yR2BqOvfBjuPgl9lPXwxkpz 6irHXqJYPtlnXatuFoQsJ8w4yr9KmLCn2H3IS1iUggFjolz9aiLioXIVNAcLrwyQSeB6AU/a5qJC SpvjarnsQRVDk36OTLLc0Pvoil5Lc4YK2l8FH3qPqfSKL5P+YWoIkI4KgPKoetLk2b55tx5psKeS nIOQFce9ah3h9mMw1MUC+Tg89KqtkAipEuxeR9TstpscuIG4geuKKRUQr+GtjqisncgoVtJolKQ0 EtraUVuKPOO/tVclohQW50pMqPbHY6C7sWdqlnPQCpGE5v6oVySJbN0dtt0Qy+C5HVkb1pIKTUu5 WGNcGPEjzE71HO5lPP65rnmovjxbBCQ23BMuW2jhacIST7+oqk2D+0Fd4V8U47GjM28oO9jcVDd2 /wCfzFdCPDyteFfyI6lBmzbPckxpCC0pajsUo5Q5g/yqPYr3cXtdTYMxlmJHWoFklW1Bz08x4qha q/tQuzohYg2qAVK3JDikkKT7g1zO7/Ee73jw1uSlJQhOEkdU1qXAlJbK3mo9h31+06Y+bN2ukNnw 05/KcCyP0H+1cylf2jbPpi6huLNRdYrjWCCCnv0ArzTMnSZw3S5qpQJ3ArUagrbS4vcUpJA44rXj /jYL+xS87O4fFn+01A18821A00xAMcD/ALtIypaug5OD7fvXP7p8WdS6ghtxJN6lJaSMANubcAdB 36VTtiUpA2Ac5pwsBpLaipJKxnA7V1IceEFSRS8zZuW49NeU5IkPSlkAZdcKsfbNMKb8pBA9uKcP mTwSKX8uTGcc8VIUjGEHqr7Vd8aRU8jZHS0SM4AB45FZtSAroM05u2jn9qjuOIOeCTRUCvtYtR3J PNNKUMgnpSd+TxxWidxpqFscDxBAIBFIcf25wnFMlfm461hWFIxjnPWoRCi4Fcnr65pOSvpzWDGz NISv1GKYU0o7ScVg5IpKUnnNbxzxxTAMJyrg0pScg4608y22obVHaong1t1sJf8ABBCl44AqEojD CUmkhQz15rawUEBYxkZFRnnUhflOfvQISS4Ep6imlyEoGc1CXICBgnvUR6VvPXigxkGYt4VHVlCs DoUnkGo67mlKzkZoOXSeRWi4QqhQWF0zULUD2pt2aM4Bob0Hl79qSc55oUQmLmk9DzTapZUOainO a2EfrQBQ8X1469a0XVe5FJCMisPlqBoQtRJ5NbKlba0Rk0rG0Z/lUCIzmkgEk+tLPB4rWMKFQKNE 44pPWnCOQRSdtIMIxhXWlYzz2rFc4recjBqUQ0BWiKUPSk5okMA5NaUCK2kVhOeOlSyGhxjnNYTi t5xST146UCGEnIpQAPBNJx0HalDgZFQhhJ7VtPXB71sdDWuKhDYGVdK2QOgrY5xST3HQU1ANHrjt S0rwMZpsdMVspJOOtQFC9/HrSVKHAFIKSnPNKAwaFgqhCxg1pCtpyKUsE/akAVLGCLL+5PNOcE9K HIcKehp8P9CDR7C0SCsg8isphT+7vWVOwep93oep48o+LHcQ80RlK0HykH2rlPxS+D0W+WydPtin YVxdV4iCwdqFHPIwMe1OzNOXaxPpm213MdKNim1Kxu9sUV058U0Qbg3FmtpBwd8Z3qDjsa8fCUoP 6nQcbKLoiZc7TclWmDflwZERtKEwpaMeKR/5Y5HWusiJ/wBTSW3fDRFnobytAUAhau5obf8AT9i+ JclS3GhHnpTvYeawk5xwCarcT5zSd2ei6qU+yhxtKYc1vlnce5IHp/lXRjk7Ipao1q3RTMmam6IY TGmxskJQCM+pGKq9t1V88lbXyoZcQva3MHUHvurtFyLdntdvi3RQmMyhuZnxRuQM9MmqhrL4bPxr e7LhobbLwO19rG1R7E4op0LZza73GEtaYl3cMC4+Z1M1KfKc9ATWTnhdrc3a9XMtuMpIVDvEElS0 k8A57f1/ahiL+PlpNl1axmanKWn0NkIcR2INatc1EdlLYWH7YnhbDvICf6VojsnoDOjdS/DDU6tQ 2eebpDkNeE1PaIGBj6V9j7V0zRGtFXm1Ce82htbICXvRztkDqM1qyLbi2mWq3sKu9tKT4kVStxCT 1wM9qp+oNPW+XGRJ026ppDgy/byra40fVHr70s4xyfWQ10dflzm5cRS7cS88pJIjHhQ/1/ShMfSi L2yXw+5bbuz5gg+QqI/hUDVa+GdxMy6x4lxddilKdjEkq5LnYEe9XK6XVa5CxLT4c1tRSXSfq+9c bPxem4l8ZgUX6RbpKWbhHcZdHVe3yY9c1ZWw1LQFlsBRGMjihaLtAlrTDuKPDW95Q6oZQr083Y0Y iRDAc8FaiWUp8p6j25rnqLRb2K7cNMNu3ES229slKdocHU0pu+TrFOahz8JUsZKinykHpz60ekzE R/O4ragYwo+tMS3Y19Q608ptxe0ZQRyRVy2T0mNPJCtyTz2HrUa421M11uVDUIk5rBQ52V6g+1Vt y03DQslEtZdm2Z0/SolSmff7UdXc4s5HiQnvFbIB3dMGqnGiUTnr7IktsIlMttSejhbJ2k+oqHf9 L2jUdqDTsdTc08JeQQAD65p+HIakpCHE5cSOFjrUtopQ4EuZ2+tBSaA0U21z5mjLibZfXAuO7/cz VDOMdAcVbVOMKbZkNLSUup3JKamXK0s3OAtt8B9hY6KGarnyX4UwGk5DSeEjPAHpTN2BIJtlsFSm sE9VJHekouAce2KQpJHGCMYoIqSllwuJcLSvXPBolGnR7ogoUkpexwsHg+9RDEmbaWr80oONJyjo 6RyKFRor9mfWULCmsY29qskdtMWOUKVkY5NDLzEUYKlRvOseYBRwTRsJEuTdvvrZZlx23d42kqHI PqKqjbt5+Hyy0hs3Sxqc/NGSVob9ce1Tw7IVFSvw1If7pHJFE7LqgNOqako/MxypScpI9DTKQtCI usGTZ3rpBJdhM48VLZyUA+1NX6zuaoaY1DpaaytLaPzobysJI78Yzmoznw9S3cply0/cG47jydz0 InDTyu4A96p0Fc3Sl+M9jxYClqxItSs7OvIArZCEJ7EJb1rt17bcabkNx5+SFw3RjP2qPYIbtnlp bKVMuIO3w1ZAxVxuUjTfxOhMvxCLfdGFbCSnYoK9/wBaE3h6daQ1HvID6knyTWkcFPbJ7VY8fQli p+kLbqdI3Oqs0xZ4fYSA2rjoaoblq1B8NrizIY3NoXuC1Ic3IWnsPQevFdCRNcjwmUym1SIrpw3I YG8Jz03YohKYXOhJjOKEmH/CSMkD0zU+Xr6SivRL7adc6cUNRQm4s1DoRHUsHz9iQenbrQC+6Kud hCUFAn2hQ8pCdxQD7jqKtU3R7LdpSw4yVRdpwU8kdeh7UP0drKW14luc3yoKSWCHRlaf+etOs6Ya KLa1K0vNw1vfhJVyy8clI9qszN0tl3ZS40262lROQpWP1zRPWuk48vdIt725KhygfWK5rCTKtnjR pSVBZUfCPbFM8ccwU6OhOPS7Q2lxC3ZkfOc9dg/qKJM3lE1aNigjCe54NczTqe82otNTg0YWdy1D Odvb70Xg3S0zn1tRnvBJI2lY8jh+/asWTiuJYpHRYs8OqCDhPuOlTmJrgjOxyEradyFpUMgiuczr lcbN9MZxbPRaSOg9U/7VYrfqOHKTHMCR82hScPAjCmlehFYJRknoPYF6i0IxCSiZCbSltQVv8FWF N470xbr1PsiAxMgmbbJLZCZDS9y0Y/xDsPerilXzEcoUd7Tg2kdjVcEN3T8tS4bHiw1AeI0skke4 9qNOXoyZCVaW7q0JMJxDjCzjg8j9KeaivaclENueJHUMqbIxtPrT5tcKU+ZllfXBeUoKU3jyFXfy 9aL3GEua2fHIU8R5lJ6E+1X/AJsYREu7c1hS47oKk8KCTyDQG+aeF4UXGlqiycZDjfHPv60mTpR/ f4sOV8k+OpIylY9xS9KXe4S5kqBOS2l9vlJSrG5PqM1nlH/B7GYy3I9vdiXhLiJHh7GXwvy7h3qN ZLm9bA41cHQ42kZbkYwFD0NWmVDbmJUzLbSto9M9RVQutrk28OowZMADggeZI/qKp6jWWEx1tBUi FhS1EKCc8KHpRFp9uexuBMd8Zy2od6rFouqvDBZV8xHaSAdqs7f9KNz5LMxKOdrgAwtPBFVuNE9H LIh5L8luW6opxlCscGh9zty0zi/CCGHSjzADyr+9WG3KCLcG3BuWoHzZ5oUw4mSHGyTvaVjnvWjF mrUitorV2hSD4gacLTgPUdDUzS1/TGlMtz3ShKc+ZScjP2ohcbd8wwtKHC28ojasdU1C/CFSY3hK CVOJH1pGN1dKKhJWhbLGpNpurS3M7ZCzhLiOB+1CxHX4akrO8dOaq9vlXCy3FKkpStlBz4K0ncfs c1amrwmQ0StstrXg49KDjRLsE/KuWZKpsJsSUtrK3GD39ajTXG9SAzbctMBZQQ4yPpUfTFGnob62 VOMOYXzkZwCKCrjN/Kp8NRhTAvIIHlWPQj/SqW6ZAX82VAR3nRAlp8qd54V7inUMhpvBOFk+YgY3 Gn5sZM0oL+3xs5C8cA+tQHJD8IKMgFaE8hSRkn3pWMS5FyXYrhDzlxtw+bKcgff96dnQWrm940Xl 8cpTnBPtUy2XmBcGXRJCM+Gdm/qTTcy3SGYL02Pv4T5Q3yf2qY1chW6OC63+M130xdp9ibirYkMO D81fH6pPauWXnVkq8PrlyXlvPqBKiTyquhf2g9NuImRNSYeUlwBiVkfxfw1x1A8hyR3r2HGwQjBN I52SbslLcQuG24vd45UTkn+HsKiKwMq2gKIweK05z5io8cAVpagB7+9bOqKOwjan6SkA/atpIQME DFNlzHPWkKdyfaiolfaxf1DaBjB6UsHYOentUdTpJBFbCyjrViQli3HB5iDjApPzJ7YpoEHPfNIC wk7TTUCyQXSE8EAmkeOrOCabKulIJ5KiaNAseKir0ApojvmtKVhGUnPtWvEJqUCzedwyaTyhXrWK cH+tMrd7joKFBF52qyOPatHb14FNeMAM/wBaaXI3k4NLRLJWRxUlsRyy4XFqQvGU4AIoWuWhCcFQ zTX4g02PMCsd8UaJYRaKEhxSgVEpG3B4zmmZZStwFokDAOT60MVcyoZRwn0NMLnq2n1o3QQuh9BP 5zhSO5TWQLoxAnB5SvFCc7So4oAX1qBGcg1pIyDmjZArMupfVyc/ahy5BJ60yshRwBWgnOaSyCy7 vznmkAFWfSleHkelbAwDmlGM8NSACRgGtDrzzSi4VAA9O3NIKueKJBZABBHWkhJyef0qRHjF5h17 xEJDWMoUrBVn0ptShxxg0Ao0VcdK0PL0pJUcGkkGkCx5Tg6CkKPlwKTjA961u98UQGbuKUFgJxjr SOlYCD7VCDlJOM+9JJGelaIBHNQYWTSSccVo9MdK0OSM0gRQOQexrBz+1ZWgDu60SGbfetKTxkcU oJ3HrisU36HPFQglIKq2BjrWDIrOh6ioQwjJyKzA6Ct89RWsc8VCG8Y7CtYz64rFDHSlAd+1Agkf tWZIx6Uop64/as2nHSmIaTk1hHPNbAOCe9YBmoQ1gDmsGQK0rODWt1AAs4Iz1rQTk8ViVUonj0oA 9ELGBTQOFU4VbjSCkFRxSscwjJFJJI75pfh4JxSi2NuT0pbGoQDx6GsrYbKhwCRWUtkPu1d4biUe IRnHJ96p+pNFxL67FmxQqNJQSFp28Kq42/UhlyFQpLaS0Ubg/wC/pS5MJ6IsPR14AOQK8PGUom85 TFkTrHcxDeQG2wo4WVEHFdHh3m23uz/g14j/ADUeQrBec52Z6U/coUK9251ubEAkLPLp4P6VRLiZ OkWUoWDNt/Ra0jzo9DWqGRiNBu6aYuHwtiraij8f0vIG5UZ1RUtr1KT7elFbPOjssNu29aZ1qkN4 XHWolTZ/WhulNVpblMumT8xaD0ac52qPU4ovd9FssXJU2wPoZWtXiBCOW1+2O1a1lX6U9QXqP4cR NZRXVQUII2YIyNyD7H1rjWoNMytCxXg+2XmidgfSnpz0V6V15q5yoN5ceZadt0ooBcYUrKFHuU1Y 5l+i361ITMYjoWn+8C0jao+tXLP1BR5/0q267IVKtRcbCQVLCFYBI68VY5zVt1U209AS1B1MwDsU pG1t0+iv9e1HZ3w7kWzdKsElpwOHxUw0rCUlXsen6Vzs3ubGuyhKjKhvAkmM4MKSR1x7Vd3U9oAm RbpESVGt10ZEO7hfio8HJbe+1a0nql8Xy7RrvBkOOrALK3ndzYSOCRxyenFX+HLiawtUN65Qy4lp ZDbpGHWiODg1XHtPs6VQIMt7xoEl5byZygSW0kcJJ/b96uUrVMguQpKm0AJTLiOZJaJBCfYVIs2r p9hUhnK7hb8kOx3eXUJ/8SfSq7AlotrJl255UyOXVFDmOMg9PahuoNdNi4GTKjOxFOnhaElQ/eqZ YYyGTO0RJtvvFscdjPNOMKx+S4oBwZ9UmhNxtvipAacUypPGUcHHpVBjux3ZUaa0TFmbR+Y0fK6P /LP7VcLTqqPOuC4U1lcOZty2c5Q4PY1gnh6lqYdsVxBTJhOjeS3tUl7kLB/rUZ7TiGll5hHhKIwp KM4I+1LksqKSsJKdvIV70RjXht6KyhwBLvT0zWCcWWoHMpDAwPKR61MZlAJG5O4Up2KmSCTwfWhz zq4YKVpJSOdwrP8AowQkPSWdz8RwqaHJj9unalNvtXSMFbcqA5bV1FQGZfhtB5B3JPbPFbDjcjLr Syy9/ElPerl4Twi3G1JZ6nLKupI6UMLUu1qQ60A+wnJUc4IFTHNQohTVx5qsR1jjcOM1LZfSVlOx K4yh1SeRRaaBaH9PX6HqSHJbQ6DJaP8Ad9CRUeaXo7wRk7CfpOcigF3sjhfEu2vfKSUny7RgKHvU mwa3eSpNuvaW0SvEwHVI4UD05NIENWthAUsuEYPOFVGvUGP4hVHSlOeSE9DU+4Q/nW1+ApLawfKt PSqZZbhPgX35C9lKfGypp1AOzg9CfWmQGwpGeVFc3bicfw55A9qlanscPWVuYK33WJTKwtD7GN5w OhzS7ramJM/xg54StuEFPTFBJeomtPz2I0qQI63Thta+ELPpnoKZSlDcRSg6yEzQHy05Dbjsjxkp 3ITw4kngHA/4a6HpjX1o1dYmrddYhZnvoUgsPJxuHPIP/OlTpk1MhsMXCImQ075tro4PvwaqV100 hUtqbGY3MMrCgEHzI+1a4chZV1npiNUWKBp2V8P2QzCSqVZXFeK5DcV0BGMJ7/6kVNsciNd5r7Nt Ibb+pbT3BHrihdo+JqoOpRbbo2l+A+na084nzI9jRy6aSDUsXW2LDu5OfFb+kj9KryRrQ6Jj6BCV 4S/MhY6HpUOVpKLLzIhLaafx5kkcqqRDdVcG3GZQCHEYwe+aQtpyO+Q2V8DrWdOiAZ20vx3UKUdv ZQPQ0P1podFwjRX4h3SNpJV0Qr0Ge1WgXaHLWYbz7TUkglIUoAmoT85yLFcSlW/I6HpWiOSSIzi9 wts62NvwrhHCCPMpBO5OPUGq0zpeTIt5uNtAkMoJStoHC0//ANNd/dsqL1D/AO5G7LZGFd/aqLL0 hL08jxra5hSVZCDkH/et+PkRlqQtMo9s+IEqK+I9xamy4zaQlJwfIc/bsMUYktIdKpNsdER3cSXG sDeD/iFTLfBiXqOuS+h2Fekv/QoAtuf70EuEadZbxJdisht4nKmFpylz7Z4rR0xy8A7RMg/ERzR9 0Zi3RbzrboBUNhUEgngpP9K6oiZFuUcyoC/HYACiccpz2rkzt6gX24phCOr55Te9TTiRt6fwmmbG 1dNNPPTrUtyVFQrdIirczx9vQVTPjRe0KpNHVVQmlEnJYVnO9PBT70yu7ptsxlh1wvB1Pldx/nQy F8S7JqWR4aCqNJCQXWijAT9j3puU23KWpTKiVZ4BHbtXNlicXs0RlZZfJKGUEH9aE3KCUMuPtICZ aOUqxyfbNVWdeLjp+YlIaU43kb0EnekHuKultu8a7tJShRW5wNuOf1qpa/C8cs13YuiW40oFqdjd yeDx0pTramG1LCUlQ42qGQaFagtAdjOPM5adaG5LiRhSTQ+wawcnRXIM4hUps8rQjhQPqaEoL0aw cqwLfmuToTZhvEnLafK057EVJiuux9yZKSh8DJSqrChSkobDRykp59jSLhB+ZggK8zo4C+/2qhxH ses7jtycDTO1LoHAUetbQlSHFJdTscB5HrVa/Ek25JS+sNkceIeKMs3D55popdBxwD1zWaUK2Een wxOSnY8tlxJylQ6Z96YaDjSylxXOOSKlrUtpsrSN5SMlIPNMsy2Li1wMHptUMKFPim09COJMfS3e VMplJCigbQ4Byn0qsTrfKs0kRZigHHNymXEnIUjPFEnmpcBRKXApoc4xyKyTKaubSRNQt9ocEpPm SPauvGSktlLVAePdHojqWJC8gnyrHSiN4bjyUNuJVztzketM3i1M/LNiM540Rf8Ad5+tsDsr3qrQ Z8yzyitply7W9CiHSoFWw/cf5VU1siYWS4pIWHwFADyqSORTbE9hp0iSkltY54yaJtyGbo6qTbUp bb8MlbSjkfoKFOIZmRtwbU2c+YK4o9bDYIu9sejrQ9bdpWpYKkrP8Pt70csd+nQcoyQCOh54/WoK QUILUcZcHcnpU7Seox4MiJMhpEoHZvWOCPUVU1KGwvaK18WYEC/xXoTjLyTcYqg3zkeKnk49Dgfz ryHcUmJJcaxtKVFODXsL40Ki6X0szqVj/u34b6SmM4SkIB4P3rzF8Q7eG5YnNteDGk5fb2jjarnr 6DpXs+DPvhTOPm+rKYp0qODkAcitLVuPmP61oZyCVA5re0Kyc59q3UZm7G+npj7U3nzdjTiyE8jq OtJyk+YcfemoSzMc8U2rvnitlzBpt2TjgUwUxY6isVtySe1R/mM85yKYcmbT647UAk9SkhPakKdB 61BMnKd24A56U2t4pb8TcFHdgjNSwE1Txxx/Kmnn1x08pCSRwTURdxQ0Uqb8xHXcOM1Ak3FyQVEq +3tUslBETChJJINPyzGVaW5Lb6UyC4UKjkebGPq+3/PtXy4SgjPNNlRPGc0jY1E/8QyRuxgDGAKb dmqIO0YqJzjnpW8HGKXsGhfiKPOcmtlJKfc+tNk7KV4h49KNko0BisPXFZuBJ7UjI70thoXwnjFP vx/CZbcCwQsdAeRUUmthzI5PA7UrkGhbYGeTSVDj1pG/B4rN+ARmjYaHUq4xT0iMtiO06vADgykd 6YbSdwUORUm5y1yHU7znakAcYxTIVkQqBT1wa0FYpJOOK2STSjC9+eDxWFXr0pCgAKwKyOelQgsL 5pRVx0ptI3ZpW7ANAJqt1iCDWKyc49aZENFWDWYzSec5pQBNAgrbkda1s5rAoDymlBe3jrQCJVng CtEba3nJzWyVK6CkIaxk+lbPY9aTjBFaV/w0SCgcf6VmeaSOR0rbfeiQytEYIpR9utZu6Z6UAG09 M9azAFJ3EdKzd61LJZg+qlEED0FaAyetYTk4zmpZLMCu3esKqW3HLrbig4lJQPpPU/amFHBqEsdz ke9IBzwabCuc1orqWEeJ4yaZ69KzJPetZ55oWQ3nApQVnrSSoGsTx2qtyDQ4ACalwLLKuJUphpak J6qxx+9Q0gleK69oW4lGlGIvjtqC3FKU2BgjHr0qiUmixIqdv+F91kMNvvFDDSyMEncSPtVstXws s0QNvzJDk93fzG2lIAHqRRZc5xghQUQlPQdqjP35QKlA4XyetU95D6BmulW21iJGtkBiM0BlXl82 fQnvWVUdS3AyJilqVkk96ynTYh9jpcCZpiVtmI8eOheFhA7eoNSYuqXWJTifK5BUAUKPVA9DQDTu rHXVvs3NxThc/wDaf/gPTynvUqegwlJfioQoK6oIyD7e1eV6m0tt2dYvMJbTTqXEuJGFoP0mgCrf Jbyw+UOtkAJVnr96r8a8rssd1+MwpwpVlcU9Tz2/2q7x7nbb5GYdjKU0+tI3sOdUmglRCiTbEi1T HFWwkvqSVKiOD8tR9RVp0pqbcy0HEFh1IwuOrgpP2NK1FZXHIm9k7HkcpWPqB9qqludVqOYmNc0G 3XdjytTWztS6P/I9KtpSQKOjXqHEvcEHaoO5ylxCsKFVZ62NSID0OWhWxXG7PP3rIt6n6cdTFvcY sKUcNPo8zTgxwQassdUaZ+coJXkYwKzttOgUVPT7qLIluI8suxU52nqU/eieotGWvUkF2UpgPulH 5chr+8a9waTebKyJJMZSGXnEnKfWqLadRak+HWpU/PrWq0PA4UtBI9s+1WQm14VtCZkSdo21SJEJ BvsKO2XAgZDoOO47468UFtevIuqbaq13BosfOjyIeRgJJ6gmur3O0R9YwPxDTU4x53VQaOAT7jsK 5Zc9ORZM1iPeLY5ab6wrxEKBw1IHv+vP6118WRNbEoxu2J0pCMOKlBiOK8yFqyCfYmoKWorEp5M2 IoRlKI2K5CAe+ab1bLRbIwh3RDrEaU2vDxSSAkdx+tEPhtJsnxS0+IPjLYfaX4QekrALoSeufTjv zWu/8IatmnmI60uNJU7DPJCST5faokzUunk6i/BW5fz6UqzvRw40evX2q+Xm3O2EbUKTlshIW0fL x9qo6vh1bb9NelMR2Y9zWd/jDy7jSNdvQp0WC132dZ0rTOJnWxaz4EtP1BB6BQ/rVzvNogyNKWy5 spKlreUfGaI24HTP35/auSR7lM0c/Ibnx3H46eHG1jcgjPNFtTfFLSOg7CxcGL21+FvqT41vdXtU 2onJSB/z2zWSXHk3pE+RItce7eCtId+jON3UD70UX4UnKOHARkpHORXmrX39tDS9jnCNp6yyZsZY Sh4SOUHI6pI/5346Vyy5f2xviHdogg2p+LZo3jEt+G0N6BnoT1Jpl/E5su1oj5MV6e0XbJIRxCb2 tHzeGshIx7Zodbmps6UttpDRLZO8eKnIx1yM8da8G6k+LfxJu811EnWjyB5cKbPRWef/AKqrM3zU jt18STqia6p3Jc8J0pSf9K0R/gcz9kVvmY0fTqZaoVwhRIk1dvb+YbLiFqfRlQHfOar2m2JEa9O2 2W9DW0onwll9JGO3Oa+cnzN1m+P4l0uC3tyktLXJVgDtgZqI7crhMDKHLnNQpsEKW2+oKHvuq9fw eRachf8AlwZ9UNRadctlvC2H7f4rmFBHjpyU+o55qo3tu1Kdbi3GQwhx9OGnmnU53g/6185XpV+W GnE6imOMlISlS5KlOIx6881Edn3VL8L5e5zA42o73/FKlEnvzSv+Cyf/AGD/AMuJ9ItN3u56Uvb9 ruDSZ8dICg42AolPHI+2RR5iZDuT+E4cYUeSpI4r5lTtcar01JYmW/UtybfQkpJfdKuD/wA79K9r /wBmW4yb/wDB+0XGVNS5dlPOeMpxfK08Y6+lczl8GXF22aIZVk8Oj3yw3i0XJE2Lvl2ZafzEBX90 PUVJnsWnUdgVb3m2nmwveHFJypCiOcGjkS8KTEU2tWFdCg/SaFX+ytTW25cWYuE+kjLDaBtX9zWC Ev8AS0p8NlWlFNwZj792trigG3kK88bJ6EHt3okmeyxKUm3y/n4ySSSlJBGPap8BUW2T1SJ6W30B JCkr/wA8Gto0bEjS/wARsa0tqkpK0Df+WoHt6UciUl4T0HybJatXR3HUPJZkoTz4bfP69xUbT0SZ oqYhLTrrzLhw6xIWSlST120ZtsVTsniMY84+VaUnhX+tS5zCZB8F9A3g/UetUxm4/VkCk8sXEqk2 ZDYcSAXmnD5unahELUTb9yciO7mXkjzBYxio/wD0443IRKZcW24n6SlZAP3puYmPdZzonKMe4qQE ocRwD6VcnB/oCPrPQUfUyo1wgKMa5MKw2tvqSe59qXaJLlrdahX9rLzSQHATjd7g0yXbrZHlNXIl oJA8J5vor3zTwuFo1xus11cLk5aSpp9sjeAPX1FW0q0KTrfcwp5bZKTHyfDKR9I7Cl3Kypl+YHBP Q561XpBe0m4xGkttCI7lKJAcyU7R/EO2fWiyL+iPHQ44ve0rGCk5wPWqJR/wdMrcqyxFTUxVpMdW eXc9TUOa5HdfahXZAEZKVJRcifMD2B9a6HcNPJvFuQsYHiAlt1B5rnl1s8+zSH4l0ablQNvlfRk5 PuP+dKMckoj+lN1jomR4TCvDSY6EFbb7B8x565HSqpa1S7KuU4qW6oukBtB4KcdQT6V1xiY7a7S4 0xl6EpBR4RUVYB7gUNkaJg6jgPTIDqmVtthfy6zyo+o74rqYeR2/sVSgctiSGJlxXNYWUuJPhr2j qRVxPxBjxn47MmIuOpCQVvZylQ6DAHSh83S6bE2TM2xG19FgcZPc0/d4Zg2xmVLYRNhSG/DRNj4U EHtn0rY4RybKuzidJkR2r/bWZqkpUlYCkvoAyfagbsASW0FsOW+4Nu5S424EhY7Zqg2XWFw0q2di jOtCwPELfPg8+ldRZn2bWDW2M6WgUgAODBUQOo/WsmXDW0i2OURG1C7EktxLrFLTqvKHAQUK96nT 7fHkMEsMtMuqIVvQACahvQXGW/lrowiXFIyl3qpA9abc8a0SEqQ8JdvKQUvIHLfsoVypvqaVOzbb SmkhIzwcnNOmWY5BUeM96wvIlJy0sLCuhB61G8WNMWuKpYS8ONp4J+1UKSZZYqbAbuSCC2ghXXI4 NV51M2wyULYQFMIPmaPce1GhIesgdQ8hSmxyM9hSZU6NM2qWrGcJAPQk9vvTdVIN0EGLzEuiGSyf DddGVNHqjioblmE58q8d2HKQCUKQeFK7ZpD1tUws4/KcHc9RUqPLU6kpcTtUg4z60ixddjWQ27w6 QxFuTKYT+dq3925Dh/pTKrXMiS1ureC46xnYlQVj9BRiO1GuaX4M1pWxad4WO/tn1qv2y0XKw3pY D5mWpRHkcPnbGfWipdRWrDse4oiMoCW0uAHJCu9AS1IhXp1+y7lQpI/7qMednqU0WuscIkLcYUVJ 252dhTFulCMVOMktuKBSse1N8rEohXS0tuSRItS/k5GchGfKvPUe1RW7zGcddg3BlUKYkY3ZylX2 NWBiIbg+lEcIS9gkAqxmoi4sa5ExLlHCFHKd5GFA+uaZZa9JQKcirgtpfaSXHNwGMZyO9Sp8Fici MpCFtupVuJVxg+1QGn5unnTDeJn28L8jzWMjHY+1G5DrT7gfhLDrJGSe4q21l0geAPXOnU6u0Pdb K6gFTkdwod7jA7V5VYaF++FbC3XVrftD5hOIzlSU5PJx7/517PiD5yOsJa+ZZKVJcQk+bb0OBXin SYOnvi5f9JOOBuPJlqQ2ws53qJykH9/516j+Li4R6M5PJ/0oy2vBdWnBAB43d/emjJDSuteif7Un 9n3Umgta6ZgyIDVpF1gh/ORsyByDj6T7f5V58uWnnba8pqY8yl1tZQQhwK5Fd7qjnpkX50pKtuPM MHIzUdS1OHyg8VLYjshG4uIx71NXDZjJQXH2FNLTkLSrO370GkgrZX1ydrgCh0NMPyEFwHcAPSol 4kobnvJYc3t54OMVB8bf1NUuRYkTzM2OODOQentTTkweuajE5FJUecY/WluxqHVvkjgkD2ppTijw TWwcDGK0Mk0hKNEECtkDZwa0VbTWZCgQOKFjJCR0Oa0OtbKv1pB55pLDQ4enNaOaSD2reSPaoEUQ cZpB4BxxW9xP/wBVo8+5oWGjWT/vWZyK2kVo8A4qWGjZAKetaCcdK2BgCsI568VNENbcA1sDFZ06 VgGTyaIo4l0gYzxS3nEuYIHOKYKhzWtx70RaFBJrYBHFJKuK1u9KNkF7ck81hGBWs4NZz1FSwocS kFHH7Ugtms3lPQ80+0tBGVZJ7UwbNwvLKb4SRuHC+nXv7VuS2GX1oSoKGeo6Up1bayNiNv65pnGK NkEDO7NLCcAmlJHBPpTZUagRK0gqz0pTTRWDgg960fU9KwKx0NKQwJwOeawZB4rAnpit55xQohhp HJPTitqV2rW7jpQIZx2pYGBTZOAfWtbiagBalDPBpskk+1ZnCqxXUetAK2LHI5rM8HtTZJrQPNIG hwrxWgcnrSFcVrJNQlDu9STgHg+lNqPetAmsJz3o2SjCfL96wECtCt44oEMzkegrEjJpOMnnGKVu 5pWMjZTntW8pHWtBWehqTEaQtzz9KqCZGiuSVhLaSoq4+1XK3kwUNJ35UlPIx0NCfHS0lIaIRgdR SRc8DBOVHqaR7HXhcxqJK2S25tUemelCpcxHhqUDz7VXF3EZOCK25PBYJ9qCiGwdcZBfezk9ayor it5zWVbRXZ9qGn7FrFtJjzWvmUkBIaHJJ6ZNNRkT7Q6qJcAFqS6UpwchSc8Gudz9KSdFSl3/AE14 zkNK0oMZw8gDnI/XirnpzXMDWMdTslIiu7sOMOAhQPfrXjt+nQostx0+BKQh78pZSFpUnmqzqG1S GpDC47zsWYlYX4rayEKSD0I71ZH5i7CW3CwqVDdTw4rOWx60WTDiagYPgTGnTjlIBzUT/wBFZjN7 VPiFxe0vNpyWwOvFDlxrTrO3uNrjbV/Sdp2lJ9ahPWO72KUlUdZfZCjvIxuSn/Sl2OYzap61PrDa VHk9B96P/wCAshvyZVgtzdvvCl3OCFbQpQ3FCfbvRm0OtworLsNxL8dQ4R/Eke9FJiot2hpWja62 TuChzVXl2udZFyJzO1MRCd5QBnd6jj1oNWQN3KQw+UOJSA8kbskYNPxJNs1NFTb5Yy6FAEuJzhJ9 KAw7+xqIleFRnAAPCWjbimbhbJS5CEoWpktFLiJDfG4+lFRIwPO0bf8A4V6uVdNLSHbhaXHCZEBa txDZ64HrXRFz7N8SbWUNtpddDYUUHHiNKPb9K1YtSNz2Ux5afAljKVuL+lYHcVTNcaFmCWu9aalG BdI+HEhBIbfx2IHrV8W0V0TbjYJum2Hbde4Av1pCMNvrG4s54wP0/wAq5sfhBJ0xKkStLzBJgyFb 2mFD6c9sjpj+tde0V8QLbqsNwLm4YN1SnZJir4ClDrW9S6If0+4ubY1vrYWne4xgqCR6j0rZi+Vu iqTo5jY9bKccast3R8tIaJ3lYyoH39RWta69sPw0gqk3aVHcKhubYZUN6x6+1cx/tFfG+wxDEt+n YDkzUp8r0xaQnwPXJ7npXlDV1wmXO6zpd0uTkqc5jLbjm4Ngfwj0r0vG4Lmu09GGeavDsXxP/tTX z4j29EezRmrfZ2TlK+rij0IKq43d7u7e2gqSlCySQQobhjrQa1Q3ZTwjMKDKXD5s8ADqTS30mKqQ lL7a2UObAc/V16V3cfHhBUjFLI2OxbkqC8l3wmnQgf3a0ZTUMr4DpShpSjk+XAGfSn7aqC7MdNxc dba8NXh+EnPmxxn2qU0wzJbZjuOBpbnmKykkBP6Vd1SK3JjD1vQ7fW2ESAmIsjLx+2SPvnNQv/1Z RCTyCQCe9TY0Bxbx/NDQA4yDzUq6aQNlcgGXcWSy+vJWgkkZ7c/f+VGitkJu4vOvLeISlIyAhPQU 0i7iAxIQ22hTj/lUpQzgVuRbSI0gMvJb2L4Uc+YZ7cVAdiqUrgpKsge+aAxIYmMoQtJZWSMELJGC PSiNubaL7zjbhU3gK2r6pPpQ4NmDIcbltKb2I3EKHPqKk2V5DspBSgkEgYAqEsXfS25CeccR8w2B w3g9emK9xf2Vo0Qf2e7H4kDa8t9xQlZyrGfprxHd1vtsP+C2pl/JCQRkg8811b4Z/wBva8/Cn4Zw dCr07Z7nFiKWRLdQfFUCc4OP6/5YFeb/AJbBLNSidHizaPaDFwZVcFR3EFLBA8J8kYUfSjQbUwz4 ikKLQON3YV4ib/8AUKfw6lzR8B4KThATxsOetFbR/wCovd2oEpqRpeE80s52ugq3ewHY+9eWX8fm /EdP5D1rdY9t1Ey2w+w3vGUpcxgnNU+K/cPhxPKXz85aN4SiOOVMpOTnI/rXnZP/AKgc92K4wNGQ mFKVltRUcpH365puP/6gLwju/N6MgSTsKSVA5CuxyavjwM/7Er+VHr+NcYuoofjwZQac3ZwnhSD7 1Bkl1hwpfUVHsr1rx9A/txuWi5yJkfTEOOuQgb229239BVnlf+oql+IRJ0dDfWAMAhQUOvNVT/jO Q/IjLLH9PTab+ITIDh3t5xmnFKYuTJWtIUhJCt3dNeRk/wBvGNMgLZd0cwoDzpWVqSRz3Ip5X9vy F8w6hWkG2YTgTlDLiz+uf9Ky/wDSeUn4WfLE9XSH/EhvsS21PocRsQ4Tkp9K5pc9Nos91ROjzvlJ zaMMKV0WfTjnrXJYX/qEW6OQhOjW1tE4BfWo8d+c01c/7elgvsdDcjQjTZbdK2VtOdCO5Oc1txcD kR1KIHkiejNFa9td4U7p3V0RuHclEKbfc+l/0AJ/yq3XXR3ybSxAU09GACQ0o42p+9eKm/7Z1kvL RF30k1IWCrwnslKmlY4OR1xxRbQX9v5GkoDsW4WhNzaWcpCgSUAHpmtcuBkrUSr5EeqkXRel4ilL StxgdWkDJT7ijUaRDvMYFva628jv715hn/8AqLaWnJLbeiUKcWPqUSBmhFs/9QDT9vvDklGlFIYI T+ShR2pPfAzWGf8AG8hrSLFlR6G1BoedY1uS7AtbjJZy4ws7tpHUiqFHXLTITNj+K3IBBU08SkHn nI7UAb/9SnScUZOkXlK39QsjKf6/y+1VjVn9uzRd+dEmPpIxJu/zuNKJKk+mOn8qTHw+StOJb8yP Rjl/s+uJC4TwZVI8NDbqHEDAPYDNUzUOg7ppxxUuxht6OXSHLc6fIpPfA7V5nun9qq03XU0e5QbS /EUVA7U8AEdyeO1dNb/9QfTSFuImaZXIcQkBJ3KG89/3rdHi8iL0iqWRMKzNNjV0aaLApVouBZw/ CPKAsdxn1/rQS2xpsVaGVS3W58ZopLavLheOTj70G1n/AGz9Faja/EbVpp2yXbcADHc44OegGP5/ v0oVd/7XOnL+hC3bEiNcEAFEgDClHHOSOuf0roRx5GqkihzR2Ow/F2Ha340HUagXH1JbbeSn6u2M evIq8XOCuGy/PsG2ZFkNEbM7gr2x26V44vv9oLTV/RCMmyKTMZVuMlgFO4jocH0qxaf/ALYFo00x HXDhyJMoDY62vJCweuBwBVGXgd90NHJR3qw/MXG2odi7W5BcUhcbd5hip8OWxLwH2A2+lXKXPqBF cftv9rvQcee3MNulwnNxBaRhQJPcVZfh18Z9I/FzUMq2WpiY3KQ2XfmH0gbTmuLn4UsKujZDKmdY X4UtQQvByBwe9VnU2ncR3FtKdSnclWxrk9aJT5EnTTsNE5KZEdZwmUzyOnejygh2Kh5tYdaUBhST xXLtwNN2VZqa+4UodKshOMrHJqRHloWsheCB2ow9a0PALxgjocUOuts2tKejIWt1OCUDvVvy2ElM Atq3A+U9KmyIrM6G4y46pta8YWnqKq9vvrzjxjusuR3kceG/wT9qtMVhwo3OoKc8iq3YxVNQJftL viIcVJQoBOzH86gsLcnrCoi0CQU58JZwSKtt3Y3DlIVkYwaqd7sMlbkd+3NIbkpGzynBP60Ewhux somqK5qTbpzJBbyfrHtSr8pLrp3qO8jCc1XHNUO2p5iLd2PlpCE4DoJUlX61Y0yYuorMXtylIW2U peRwUn1pWyAw/wDbqSHknarkKI4ND5MRyzrdm2sJC14K46h5V+uPQ09a5j8eCmBcVqe2LIZcWOVD 1JqaI6nBwSecjFNDJ0doDVkPT+qm5F13x8Q5qCFGO4CkE9OM15W/tbRJ+nvj2m7twfwyS+01JaLI 2hS09VD16V6fl2WDdn1tzD8vOUSGZXTafc1wP+1zpu9jTVivNxSJK461MNT0ubiUeh9egx+teo4P LuSTOfnx2ihf2gvjJrX4iXqxf9QXmZMZgQGxC8ZeAEEAnp1545rlRmqeO9SuTyT61atYx3bhoPSl 6ckKkOOpciqynAQEnjJ785/aqQlKtnrivT9v8OW4ktUlQQQFdRUNyQSnG44HpSzhQwePvTCmQTxw KplJsKiMOZUrPWtJODxTpTSFN1XRZQsL8vNZnJ56UgA5pXfmmJRv+KsK9p9aSSQM1h5FQBiiFdTS Adp9qV9qSo5570jJY4HQhWQAfvSSoHoMD2pvrS8YoBMzk1ok1meelKP0+9EhoZ+/2rZODWtpFbHJ 60BkJwawH0rZPPSk54Pb3qBFZrM7a0AFD3rCMfepRDefekZ5pY460kDJ4qANjnjtWHANbJ28YpPU 5NQU2CMVtOM0ntWyeOtAApRBI4xSgRtPFJHmPFOJSpslKhgnsaIBop5/0rBkClKBzSe39agR5tza fWsUoZxTAySDWznNENDxUB05rQ6HPBpodqWpzJGe1S6CLUnApP8AOtBRrecGiiG0JOKxY2kVMjxg qE4+t1sFJwGs+c+/2qCtYUTzUsAk8nNJIOPWtfrWE8UpDAcAg1m7NJ4PNbzipZDZOBjPWk7vSszn tWDig2MjRznrW8Ec1mM1m7rmlCYKzANaT15pXP2FEhoZ7Vsg+tYMYzWEgjrUItmAAH2rFDHSttpK j71tadgNQahoqx0Nazzk81uk9DSNEFDipDS8DrzUbPNOBeOmaSgkgvFI5Na8YqPWmSvd1rWCcE0K IPFWVYzTz7wS0kD9aiIPm56VjrgUeBT0Q0p04rKR96yjQKPs3p1ifbpbqLmpL8feR4OD5Bnr96e+ IXwrh3SWmfYJoZJQFKW2nOD6EUcRf4WpYrzjrK4s5R2BO3bhXvQttyZYCrxlKKc5Cc8EV4W5I6Fk fTPxCudqit2a/sIcRHBAkgcuJ7AmrnHQncmbFAaKkhSS30PegSbcxqWHIkqKWF7cBCxmm9PT7jYZ zMC4hL9vcBCXG0nyH39qWyFlg6xZvU0syWlsy9pKg4nAIHHFV74gaITfYqpcB1MeUyngK+lf6UVv CW5SClPmSDkLSMEfrUeDcvCR4by9wHAyaaLpi0UrSOqZGlrhJst6bcHjJHgKUMJPP8J9K6Mp1UuE QhaVNcFaUnPegmofw29eEzNhtKKfoeSnzpJ70Ejhfw0fkEB+5224I5cSncWVdc4/50rX7sNBW6Wo NAOoSUj1HTFRG9QybbGLLrK5kZXKXG+VNn39qtlpkR7xbEhIS6lQ4wc1XLxZpGmUvS47q3IwA3sE ZOD1x7ULAybFhRbzDS61KS3IR50+tMtauuFlkKizWwtCgNsps4CR7igUZCglVxtjux1QB8Nf0KPo R60Zt96g6l8S2zorcWaW8ErXwpRpd3oDpES/6Yt+snW50NXyN1WdypiBhJA67j6Vxz4s/wBp69R9 LSdFwZyGJMdxTLtxjHDikjsCevGP96K/GzXt3+GrzuhNMy2Jc6ezuecHJiJJ5we3GR/PrXj/AFI2 6h92Ad0mWl3BeXzuVnnnPrmvbfxvEfRTyI4/Iy7pAL/qBhuc05I8SS0p1QcdVlS1nPJJ781XnEsP XCRIwlsBJWd5xu+1TZUV1qSuO00EuNkpU2k8A9zUNmIxMcfQXVomNpSUNAeVWc/6V6W6OddhNyI0 uzQZikKaU4V7k7u3bpUEwYH4eGpTLgSSVtLCsHdTt4npZsz4CFtuNJ4z60D+HKFXm9S0yA4+2xHU 8EqUdoxSdtkS/SQzFLrhAeU2n2HSpEeQqKl1kulxJH1Z5FS7g4Y7U+U0wS402FjZjYnnuPShnwyl RrvKuwu2VstxluhSRykjnj/Kp2/CU2rDFolZivvKdBU2U4B9PX/KlNKhyHSqZLIjklanj5gn0A/y plm4x3LDOjxkKZMjAQVI4Pvz2/0qI7Lmz4Nvsiokdlhp3c68jP5gz3pysjWeUqY5cJKPFVby5saU oZA56H3xUuTFUqOttloOOKIPXBH61aLpFjRNP3ePH8CEvYlSY6E5AIPUUMbtkXT2nrXfZF2TLdkK IVFUMYIPbFAjf+EN0ARnGZeZLy0pAdCuUgdqYYKUMpCQQc+XjGanykiS8p0I2hZztHAFNO+JKkNp WcqSNqc+lKKMPTHIafEeP0ZyFDP6Vy6Z4bkh1QSDuWVZP3rpl9l+Bb30Pxg6VqxvBJIx3rmEhSfH Xt4RngVhz79Ohx9I022krSA2kknHSrjbbWlUdWW05wCOBVSiq/7hJIyAQau0VxKVNlK+2eP8qzwR oyMkwdPPXEOFiL4pbHJSnoBTAs6XMhTYQlBwTt6VbdNX+JCaltONOrU42Up2evvSLZbxKfkpfkjw FkZaJ2kAelblSRit2VldlS+tW1tKkpHPl60x/wBPLWnJi4Cj9W0Vbble7LbmXWbeXlvIXtJcT0FV effHX2QguqPYYV0FR0S2MS7e0ypSNqDj0FDDDbST+Wnn2qQt9ShkmmC9zVfpYmxpcVodW0D7ikpY b3Y8NJH2p1SyoJBIOK1jasc0ND9mOMW9tZ/u08dMCsftqEZPhJye2BT8ZZwaeAByrOfuaIvYHohg JCkNJB/+NKFvQQctpz9qJNrCcJHQ0l5SU/cVCdmBnIKecoH7VoQ0EY2DHsKmOOhWR0NPWua1Ck+I 80l9vBBQfWkdDqRBXHQW+AkY9qQmKgpOW0q47gVtb291WBgE5ArXi4xz1paQ3Y2zDbaWAEJSCfQU 85FQDgoA9MjrWRJgbWDgHHqM0Uud3YmBtRQjxko25SkAH70yoWwQY6U/wg/pTRioKslKePQUpUje SO47U+jDnJ4FHRLZHRFb4KW0jsBtrvn9i6bZdLfGN9y++K3ElwFNpCUbkFZPGR+n8/euXR2LQi3R X0yih7cQttQ4rt/9k+wQrp8V32pMqPJhS4TjKE7sKQ4ACDz+v7j0rBzFF4nZfjk7PXt1gPxmJS2C iRAUgKUCARtPHeq0qK6h5BtEgGJsy5Bd+pJHXHrSrpGvHwwjqBCrza3F/mNKV5kDHAHrSIc206uh JuVmcLMpKfzmScLb9sV4eWKL8OvCWiVbr/HnrLH0Oo4Uk+tTg4G1KcAynHUHpVHusJxTKnkL8GSl aT4iR1we9TLPfHloS0+pK1nyqSg/txWeWFraL+wRv1tRd21LCtj56ODG796BwtTyNPvtwbit6SEn AcV/CD61aCkDCknIHm20G1hpVN4ikuo8NasKCk9vetnHwvJGpIrc6Dybk3LYDjQSsHv14oVJD4ne I2TsCcbPU1SIr9w0xLahobkylOY2ICCd3PaugW66MykELYWy8k4Uh0YI/SqM3Dli2vAxyqTpECdB aupLS0JddKcKStOSmodotbmnipllxRiKABbUc8irDdmCpCpUYhD+3kgYzjtVZg3lqVIW27lTgHmB B61zPTQgjJioeTuT3z+lNxwqO2As5x3p9CstlpZ2KHLakimpZc3oUkcADg9CaVIgP1BDS7GU6clr GCrHQ1Rf7Qenpd/+AF0ioSd8BaZbeckqwcED9K6dEvDKnURJyksB3gpWeCP9KXqK3Pv6OuyGm/m2 ZEZ5pCW8HdwcH9ODWvjzePKmVZFaPnbZfm7l8LrlCKgEQpSHwF5yM5BSPT/eqahWE59atnw+RNZv d0sshG1brDqHG3lEhKgCc/f396rUxKW31ITyBxmvoOOXaKZxpKmRlKwqsyT1rXAPvWdKcSxO4A5/ lWlc84rZAI9/StEcYqBNJOB05rRIpxSUJA5ycU3sJqENHmtE+lbIIT0pGTjpxUJ6L29xzSDSh0wK woxxSsURt74pQHFbA4rO+KAfTWOe1Jzz6Ur9aVgHFEIgK568VsEfesCcGsyM1CGlfzpJAzzS8AVo 89qgUYk8Y71s4/8Aqkbsc9K0F5qDCun2rCOhHIrWeMilJ6VCM1yTW9pzWycCk7j2oMQw9etbHSth PGc1rOTShHY5DbgUeQDnHrU293YXa5OSEMIjoICQ2joMAD+lDiQODWs5ogHlOcU2o1tShtHakBQU nrRIKBxWicc1rcKzHTNEJtJ54rFAnJzWcJPXNbyB1qEE529RWbh36VpXmPas7Y/nQAbLhHftitbu 9Yfpx3rWMjFCw0YFe2K1wazjvWgfMKAaFdBWZGfetlQHvSBQsJIcjeEy24Vo856A8imKSCSevFZt I5FIyG+pGK3gHvWs461oKyaJBeMc1vg0gnJ68VsH0o3QaNnqKzHHFJ70rPHNGwpUOteU570l5WRW IXwM02tQJqWETST1rZNYeRQbIaHWl1pAzS9vNJYBOP2rYJ+9Yr0xWx0OahDWeTz+9IPPSnD0psni mCYrjGKytdfasqEPrnp3XdtvZhQbolEG7HO15KiEKUKs8HURdnqi3lSUrYJSl0JO0gVWdT/C8agc auNiQhJQCv5YHCkqx1H681W/hj8SFT4c626qQtt6A94RekIwvk8En0xXmXijlVx9NqOt3G6t26U0 5DebfZKUrUlJ4qQ5qhu5R9uxKSDkDHT9a5pKjuaeuL01qR+I2t0hW9o7yj2wOlWpptuc2y5FWkpV hR7cfauXPDKDLNFjtd3djN7ZCQWyokK9BT91tQnpS/b17nVcpSD5Vexocw4lQDWNyDkKx3FSYDCr U60hhbjjCeShX8Iqi6YaA6p+JJbmhcN8eUoPUH29ahWy931u4qtb0YzrYhwn55SsEJIOAR35q8zb dGvTSvK2HE5Ul0jlJrmyL3KivvNONu/IqdLYk7SAog49OlXLK0SiySDP00hN0sz6EkKy7AI4cHqP T7VYtPa4tutUFpkLaltoy/ElJ2qSr0HrVYkrajtxFuFx5kqHLWTwf6USvmjod8hfM26cuJc2+WH2 QAVY7H2pvkEol33SMmAy4+wkso5V4XQHPoK5z8TtXRtN6RedkpbjT20bYqiCFrWegyK6VZPiBNCF WrU7QEhKQ21M24Cz3Uc9u9cC+LV4jfEf4jKakutr01YW/OtWAlxQB9Dzn/Ku7/F4vmyLstGHkZek TzpqLU9yscJV2dluT73KVuecVweeAkdeAKoOmr3cJN3aZLi0YeJdQ82SEHGeeKN6rfTcrzNXDITb lvFbI3Z2j796Y/E7gwmW9FfbMlxG1W4DzD0r6F/VdV+HnnJydsEGA5GfuUlS1uFO4haQQOT70HsV 4CrmFRNr7jaTlO3cSKsWp7qUWF7cw4lDjWFo3fxetVn4EuiHqubMcbLrbMRwqSFYOCMcDvVbk7os irTZmobr85bp/ixSy64E4SkYHXk/rTvwOtsmbd718qoAN29xTgWeCP8An/OKRqWK4bVJlBJDbhwC fTNSvgldnrS5qNLDaHnpUIx8qGdqSckj37Uo0X9WKv8AcWUfD+ZtbKJT76WnQTzhJPP71Wvh6Vh+ 6hKiAY2FcZyN3SpmqVvm0KLwDbjrhSpoDBTinfhNCcdcvU3ypZjx8HcfqUTwPvSv0aP9WG7g3FZt K5xkfLBttGG3R1J6gfb/AEqLbHW5j6FMrC+it4HFQtfhyTaGH3TtUHQkNngkY4NT9BYhaLlPSVIL a3whBA5T+tWqRU42rDMq53x6+tz0WRt9gpDZOAUOY46VDhwYSrdLd1E2qJIQ6XI7IHkHU8imYkx5 Ut5lMh1oNqGwpOMCrnI0NB1Hd9ONPXZxMaUhSpSlIGEY6j2/X161anoqZTmtQ2yXGK2nQVJXt44A pfMrKkBJAPCh1ohfLzprQ1lu1qgNQ7nJceW0ySgKXjJG48dOhHSh9gach2mOX8bikFWT0oAZDu0d KIhyCV85zXKpI2PrTnOCa6zqG3uJS8tCypJG4Y6AVyiWAJC8evWudn0buOxppWHB1GDVrgLUpgc8 daqSFDxPN0q2W5ADKST2qiEqNM1YSZuTsPHguqbJ+rB60y7LcDxc35UeSRSAjBJwcDmm3Om4g1p7 GbqMuOZV15JyTSArBPcUrZ5cgcUjYQrHPNDsN1FqUSRmk4xk5pvY4Hs9sU6nBScjFCw0J2cg54pS GwpeT6d62lO48DcafQnjH+dGwMVHBBzT+EhXPCe9JaaIOU5NKWwo53DmraK/DIiEuO5USlGcdKbm /luEdu1SU7WU9MHGKZlq3thWBkDFBoPoKecHQde1MqUopwcYpazlR700SVHFVsdGA85z0rFqynp9 qQs54zWyoJ7YyKSxkjaVjGOppWd/B4pAAFLwcjjFCxqN4APOPuKktL2gYwajoR5uvJpwgjnipYR7 IIxR/wCHGt1/DvWke8IY8ZtCVJcSk4UMjgj3/wBarjZyeaakIyrdwMe1UZI/IqZZHR7Gsn9sGy6g kssXROfBQNrToyQO4WehNWGX8R9O3OYbhZQ3bZZOVoSEpSsemK8JsI2O+IlKQvGM460ds8qVFdyh 1wZ5wVZrkf8AToyf1NHyaPdml/ipYr2+u2XYfJuhSSHieFZ7fasuECJZtTyJsB1W0q4yrKTgcZFe TNPWbUmsZYt9pjyZc1ZG1toEuE9sYzXvP4Ff2GPiXqVDUnVtyNgtJQkGO9kyj68EYGPf146Vq/6b HFG8jEed/hW9Oapi325JgoUpcxSsBplJVn7Yr0NoL+zlqTVwcfuTRtMBWAjxyfEUMDkDt3rvXwx/ s7aP+FsdsW62NSJqSFGdJQlbucdQccfpXTykjoTWfrCH9RHOTOA33S+l/wCzlYol3VZFXwB3bImv pC3WR2UkkeUe3FeL/jH8UIMzXFwudphoTbZay+hShhSSTyMD9a+lPxI0mjWuh7vZnACZUdSEkjor sf3xXyM1/Y5FpuE+1v71yIz6m17k7QCCRxTTgsuNoEJOM7Oo6fv8W+2hl5l3c4pOSn/emJ9rbc3v JTscxgKSnrjtXFvh5qKXpaeuKlzewok+G6P8vauuWXXabtKejvtIiuowpv0NeTy8OWNtnchO0A7D qkfiqIxRIS5uUghxBICh2NXne2tYCk8dCDVYutyd01MedcYSGFhCgsIyST/lReFc2bulXgqTuxkg HoaxNUXJkTWmmRfoiQ2UpcQQUKHUU3pSdL04lm3yn3nWh9ZP8IOeefTNTZk6THCFNNB0pUAptRxk VOlxmLm04VhLb20KBSeUirMM4xkrEn4eAtd21jSHx0usZa3EQHpu9KzyS2s9Pt1/aqdrK1Iseo50 Nsnahw7Qo5OCeOa7D/a504bJrq13Ig7ZMflwfSpSTx/lj9K5d8QpBucy3XgJGydDQrI/xJyk/wCV e648lKCo4+RUypkEkUkjqK1vxj0rRVmtNlSFfes3CkE4HFaBpQ0KzurYBPHFISrJpRPOQKKIYUqW kkJJx2pBSR1GDR2z3CDDiSUyGy484jCMdqDOrCjwP3ogGwOetYc9zTsdCVqAPc1j6fDWU1BRoDPe tJV56w/vWhkK9KUdCl8HGawckc0kkk4NKHSiE0pB69azPrSh0569q0o+1QBrqmkKIzS88cdKbIyf SoMhGcms61sCsNIEfghtUhPiglofVg4OK27gKIAwOwqRa7e5JDjiElQaTvVgdBUZw5cPtTCiSCR7 1rbgVvdz6UrOR/WoASB71vHNbwMVhOBQoIkdeawp9Oa2FZrXIJqUQ2rkc0nHAxWz2rW7BzR8IYet OtoK8+tN8EdRWA4GQalkFLQUkg9aSBxSt24E0g8d6FgM71h4TitBQJravKeaUKQndmtdjitZ5pSg QfMMe1AYSCc8msI5yK1jOT0rCD3oBNg89aw9MVgGK3260tgMA5rYB6VpKScY5pQTg0Amtv2/WsKc DNLPtSTyKJBvGaWAQAa3trM7eOaBPTMZ9a0U4PFbBFZnmiEwDim1dSaXuwOlJI5ohE1lb6D2rWM9 KBBacgUsH15pKcBPNa69KUQV3rDWsEdelYpWftRYaMWRt6UgjisKs1rtTIY1WUoVlEh9lrNqlqdK 8FpSY0zZkstq5I7ke1P6v0dE1ZaPCRHREuZSEB5IwHRn+P8A1qhXjRUjTF6Tq3Td3dfAcSh5hwco R3wK6ZI1DGvUBLsSQZXitfmOJGPDUe3THFeejDo7Rqs5HaUz/hjqadbZzB+XLSS4jflAGeqatmUN IXdra4HUr4DKe/6etNBcmBaH4erUt3e2Z2x5+MusjPl3HvVQutpvWkLnbpFsmpmW1ySHBKZ/uwnr tV6fer5QjlWwdmjrFgvMeUwjxtjM053RyfOke9HN7qHW1sNqeTuwpKfSqC7Ib1jPdmw0Jt85lAIc QeVDI6+tEbDqq4RL6uJMLkfwwAtwpw2vjqDXns3GlGRdGdl6DgYkeJHKUuDqnqB+lTIdzQwHGVx2 XWXMqU240CkE9x6VXZgUl83KGsupcT+Y0PQdCKcZuYUzgDzYyAeorO4ND2OXS0sGQ45FKksLTgsn GP0qNp+KmzMOltZDSl/3SlfSfaliephQ35Uk9aclQBPSHmlhO3HOe1Re0BkP4qagi2X4X3a5yojV wZjNktICglxDh6EH+ntXkO6twIHwuRKnFP4vcVLfebSojCST/PpXafj9FuF1u2j9E29XiSr1NQFb jhtSO+a4j/ayS6j4gM6agR2kSrMj5UoYSQhRHXtj1P2r6b/DYFHCpfp5rm5Ll1OIvT4z8h4zlOMM JaUpJQnAUR0Tn1qm2rWbsq5fKraCULyUjOScdAaP6ghz27dKT4C1JaQfFR3TVb+FkJifqGQXlDc3 HW4nd7A5H3rtSeyiEU47LXqBD0vTT7rrKmwpsEYVkJ56VW/hKw+vUEtxLiG2moy1uIV1UjB6ev8A vmrfqK4ttaOnwgEoOA7vI5PQbapXwykNIuNyLgcJMbAKBnBzVT9Givqy53GS07oq6mREkBUdB8Pe Rjk8Gofwfiw4ulr/AHNa2kz0oCGgtzCsZ5wO5qZfJzD+j7w2y2pIVGA65HChmqZ8NoiZDd2dfWWm o7IUV4yknPCcetT1gS+rCOr5rCrC6vCVS3HUpBJ5Ce9OaPtVtOh7zKaeWLmkpSeeBycD71F1s2wq EpaUpbA27cd6F6NXJatdxdacCUpUnyZ+o/b9KNbCv6hzW9jV/wBFw7w6886+48GlbhwBg/8AP0qV 8PEiVox2K6pwhySlQCeegNa+KM5uRpWzIYcUpK1FxbY4ShQGPpoZoQzWLRHdaeAQqQtCWx1zjk/z pHpjL+pNvuoXdNJy1GClqc8rqxkKx1o9Cdmaj0dBkyHAy1MUtKQ2rCgArzc+hNUT4iBxEqM2pa8o CgUr6A9yP2qz6YtshOirfJIc8IlZHOUgZ/l9qeLtiSiutha3aWgW2WlaI7Reaz51+fn15o9d7SbN owXaHHXcFJf2vhZCUJSf06CqfPvVzgltuDGEoOpytRx5fbmmrlctWytNuwXpjKbTNcQDGQvcQoHj 7cjn7CtXiM9ErVUtyVCK0nwo7ac7E1x6YrLq1A55rr89EKLbHGJDL61hvACHNo4/xDHNcek8uLwM DJ4rl8k3cfwjhWOamsXqQwnaFZA6cUP2nNb298c1g3+G6kFjqKUpP95hX2pCtQSVIwpQP6UKPB6V rBJplKQOqCIvMgHO/HtilG+SDzuTn7UPx7U4iIt1JUhJUB1wOlG5AqJMTe3k55BzWzenCc8VBLBT 1HT1pChz0qdn+kpBFF4eBJKv0xV90Fp13V1qusppXngthxSPVOeea5kg4PvXe/7Nzkd6wa4hyXmk 77cpTbeD4m7/ABCr8btlWRJKymFstP7MGpSGkFoKVkEHBJPFPxre4pLJdSpSsA7z396amMOx1qLY C21n6fSumlo57kRJDY2bgQfShywoj1FG2keQ5Az6GhcpWwqBGOaSSGiwW4koOaabkFlRVtCxg5Bp 11W4n1FMqaStB/xY4rJLRoWxtJChlVYW93A69hTTz6WmVEkZA9aHLubmQUnGKzOdF6iG/l1JGCec ZraAMncpKQP8XegAuT4z5+tYZjiwcqNIpjdSwJIPcfanD0HIquokqB4JzT7Tq92ck1anYjVFgZZL hwOTSn4SkNFwhRQk4JxWrOHGnWnFg7Fq2pV2BrsOhPhbqv4uXdqzaZsk24OOqRlxlolpPqSegAGT +lbI4eyt+FTk14cug2VTySMEK27gK6X8LvgPd/izqaBaLXGnPKfebQ47EaUsNpOASfYDJr3p8EP/ AEtBAuKLp8QLwuRhI22+CrAHspRyPQ8Z9K926D+GOmvhpa0W/TlniWlhKdqvlmwlS/dR6n9aonnw 4P6bYF2kc3+AP9knRPwCiMqtEMy7tsSly4y/M6SB29OpruYScVpKSD3p1Irh5Mssr7SZqhChG3A6 1gT6c05itHg1SW0NqTx6185v7anw3TpT4luXNltQi3dovDnCQsHzfb7V9HK8/wD9tLQJ1f8ACSRN YbWubalF9Bb67SMK/pWjC/tRVNVs+WM1SrdNRMDXiltQOwfxc9K6i5Htl6hRrjDQWZy0jcypOQBX OJrKjCQtxtSVc8K6k5NXP4XS2rvGWwhSlLjkhzPQDFYOdeO6OhhdotUe8qmxVQLk0EpUkIO8DJHt UKTpt/TcsyrKlUhg8rYQOQMdeaJ3KxJvkRQG5Kk4IwMHA9KhWbVDsC8/hk9paGlo2tyOoV7H0+9e YntWbkaVqQTXmPEaQxISnJaP1H7jNEGprbsnxR+UVp2kZ601ftPW++NqdAcZuQIQ0trgY9arLbM6 1qVHnqCtvCHDwaojHsx3so39tPTzV1+GNnvzDgK4Ukx3EgcgHvXlGc89cNIwCt/xUQlFpKD1AOT+ vf8AlXuP4oWl6/8AwC1JEYbaf8NsvkE5VwcnaP2/nXhqwtCRp+4J8JTjgY3JwemF8/yr23B+uKjl 5Y0yuKVwCKRjOKcX5T0rEFIBBGa6RlEKOOlaJ6Yrecn2rSuahDQxWyrAI65recDFIIyqiiCed3px TqU5STkcdq0GieadQ3g+bITVqjYGzI6VKdSEjnuKXcGyh0ZGFFOa9j/2P/7Ill1DaX/iL8W3XbLo ZhkuR2n/AMtdwyDgtnunI7dcHGME15o+L1vtcPWdwXYSPwFbyxBBVuIaz5cnAzxjmncKFKKUkDNZ glNbxk8Vh4xnms7VMdGJ5OSaURk+lICuvbFbySagTfXitBIJrDnIwKzHGOtQBrOD0rR54rZH61oD nr0oBM2VIisN8lZz7U3WskHrTJAD6tSoYspt8aMhvd/ePH6lc1XyMknnOawqJrByKITW01rGOOlY TgEViDke9LRBWMD/AErP0rDnFbH2o0QwnHtSQcCtkgEf51oqB4oUAxQ4BFYU45reeKSVftQJZvoM jpWgM96w9PvSeh4qBWxROAaSk57Vs/TWhwaDDRsDnmsWoqJzWlHNa9KATMeXitbueaw5/StAcVWG rMyT1rfJ6D9634eOaUBmiGhOOK3g460ojA44rW0kEZoEMCgPvSgaRzilDoKUhh6VrGeKVjrWDHFE gkHr61tSRnGc1onrjvWDrQIYUFNZkdaVjIpKkkUfQmsjHvSaw5ArXajRDMdTWVvPalJHNICzYGK3 z2pZGBSM9ccURWYRxTRBFOkDbyeabOc1PRjWRiswa1ilEccU3hDQOO2ays6GsokPr2Luq1XV5ltb KZYcBcivfQr1x68UXtrFkuzspNvWmHcVjxpDAO0KHsmuixrVoH+0TbFTrGpqBekNZdhvJCVoWBk7 e/WuJ640hP0Pe2XlvuwZjI8JUhCOSnqUkf8AOtcvJifiHUi7yoLK7a/CcQHojydrjaxncmqA1ph6 wsPLtyHZdmWsb4xUVFCR6CrNpDW9tv8AvYS8W3W+FGQCMn745rLg3PsF5F3tkhx5lX1xkkeER6gV jTeN7G9KFcrZcVQX7joO4sSA+nw3bfIV+ajHJIzzjocVYtJa7iu6cjWzVsdLct5Hhl5hJV588J9u MU7N0va9cj8RsstGndSMbkq8JO1K1H1/XNVCQ/H/ADrdqh5Fuv7D5aYfSg+HJJ79PXH71oThlVMn h1q2RZ1pcUhlSLlbEAEFKxubHoR6e9SpEFciYZMZPgLXjKcnaRXFIT970o8zcYlwLssqKHIrmQh1 sY59P+feugaT+JCp0WRPlhpKWXxHVHB84OMkgdwPWsmbip7iWKZezHCh5wncBgjsaY8B9jc7EUMj GWieFe1Mo1HEvjiExW1FSgMY6qP2pbV0Rbbgpt8KdbGBuQfoPr71ghx32SaLHP6spdmln4g/2qrB b3RKgO2aOZ4baR0WE5Az2BI/yryD8dPiO/rH4qX6aYr0aX86srdSr6iDjt9q9ffBydqm/f2rtazb GWFRY9sSmQXeFJTjanb7k9vf2rx58Q7TItfxE1AxguhEtaiXSBtOcnivqXCgo4kl/iPH8mV5Tm+p mHmbJInub20qGzrjcT2oL8E4ciXrNaGnWEp8BalJfTnckA8f89qn68MpdtKHpOWjlaUI6ZzxxUT4 GwXJerpTq1oRFZhPLdUpWDjaenr1pp+mvG/oL1PClPWy6SHXNoSsYa9s4rfwcbgSXL4XUOpebi7k KQfKecHNZrsvsWtXhPJ8NzlW09Uj/erD8D9NxGdN6gvEx5RS6yGmmm88nJ64+1LVsZaiwJrBUa32 KehqUoLkJSS0EcZz6/8AO1DfhhFtSoN2m3KauI1GaSrw0clw54qb8RGGjCUW9wx2VxkVH+GjiHNN X1hbKVFamgMpznk01UwL+hrWwDlhTIabUIziwlpwjGRUHQ1ncmWybNS4G2o5TuCj3PGf5Y/Wm9aL kIZU244pbYWMI7JPTgVM0Ow5O0femW3wwSpvII+rmp+hr6m9frjLsMNSQ6ZhdIKiobMY7DFTNFSF xdItS2ndi23ykIKMj3P3qq6lW8ttiGDvSglePc8V0eLp8Wb4XW51uW2+45KUpSEp4Ax6+3H71VL0


February 16, 2020 - March 24, 2020

AeroElectric-Archive.digest.vol-ph