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1. 05:48 AM - [Aviatia.ro] Transpondere mod S (Cosmin Buhu)
2. 07:24 PM - Re: [Aviatia.ro] Transpondere mod S (Cosmin Buhu)
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Subject: | [Aviatia.ro] Transpondere mod S |
Buna,
Stie cineva care este stadiul implementarii la noi a regulamentelor
referitoare la introducerea obligatorie a transponderelor mod S pe tot ce
zboara? Prin alte parti se discuta aprins, se fac consultari de catre organele
abilitate, oare noi vom fi loviti direct in primavara cu interdictia de a zbura
daca nu avem transponder?
Infrastructura nationala e pregatita pentru asa ceva?
Multumesc de orice info,
Cosmin
Message 2
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Subject: | Re: [Aviatia.ro] Transpondere mod S |
Domnule daca poti veni cu ceva la obiect te rog fa-o. De citit
generalitati pe net poate lumea, nu e nevoie sa faci dumneata revista
presei pe forum. Daca tot faci pe ziaristul poate faci o investigatie
pe la autoritati si ne prezinti un articol propriu despre subiect, ar
fi mult mai util.
Numai bine,
Cosmin
mihai nazare wrote:
> *Am gasit aceste informatii pe Net.Despre infrastructura,nu prea
> cred eu ca este realizata,**deoarece costurile vor fi destul de mari si
> deasemeni implicatiile si complicatiile nu vor fi chiar atat de simplu
> de rezovat.*
> * *
> * Transponderele au pretul de pornire de la minimum 500 $*
> **
> * Zan-dec. 2007.*
>
>
> /*For more details on this topic,see **Transponder (aviation)*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_%28aviation%29>*.*/
>
> *Another type of transponder occurs in **identification friend or foe*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe>* systems in
> military aviation and in **air traffic control*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control>* **secondary
> surveillance radar*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_surveillance_radar>* (beacon
> radar) systems for **general aviation*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation>* and **commercial
> aviation* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_aviation>*. **Primary
> radar* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar>* works best with large
> all-metal aircraft, but not so well on small, composite aircraft. Its
> range is also limited by terrain and rain or snow and also detects
> unwanted objects such as automobiles, hills and trees. Furthermore it
> cannot estimate the altitude of an aircraft. **Secondary radar*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_radar>* overcomes these
> limitations but it depends on a transponder in the aircraft to respond
> to interrogations from the ground station to make the plane more visible.*
> *Depending on the type of interrogation, the transponder sends back a
> **transponder code* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_code>* (or
> "squawk code") (Mode A) or altitude information (Mode C) to help air
> traffic controllers to identify the aircraft and to maintain separation.*
>
> *Mode S*
> **
> *Another mode called Mode S (Selective) is designed to help air traffic
> control in busy areas and allow automatic collision avoidance. Mode S
> transponders are compatible with Modes A & C.*
> *Mode S is mandatory in controlled airspace in many countries. Some
> countries require that all aircraft be equipped with Mode S, even in
> uncontrolled airspace. However in the field of general aviation, there
> have been objections to these moves, because of the cost, size, limited
> benefit to the users in uncontrolled airspace, and, in the case of
> balloons and gliders, the power requirements for these aircraft that do
> not have electrical systems.*
> *Mode S transponders can relay additional information, including the
> permanent identity of the aircraft. Mode S TIS, or Traffic Information
> Service, allows a radar installation to send information about nearby
> traffic back to aircraft, which then displays it on the moving map. Mode
> S TIS is only available when the aircraft is within radar range of a
> radar installation that supports it. A Mode S TIS installation combines
> a Mode S transponder that sends TIS data to a display device usually a
> GPS device or Multi Function Display (MFD). Examples of such pairings
> are a Garmin GTX330D transponder and a GNS530 GPS, and the **Garmin
> G1000* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmin_G1000>* avionics suite.*
> *Mode S capable transponders are also a building block for next
> generation air traffic control systems, as they can be used to transmit
> location information for **ADS-B* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADS-B>*
> and potentially other air traffic control communications. Currently the
> FAA is deactivating several Mode S TIS equipped stations.*
>
>
> Operation
>
> *In flight a pilot is told to squawk a given code by air traffic control
> over the radio, such as in the phrase "Cessna 123AB, squawk 0363". The
> pilot inputs these digits and his blip on the radar becomes correctly
> associated with his identity.*
> *Because primary radar gives position information but lacks altitude
> information, mode C and mode S transponders report altitude. Around busy
> airspace there is often a regulatory requirement that all aircraft be
> equipped with an altitude-reporting mode C or mode S transponder. In the
> United States, this is known as a Mode C veil. Mode S transponders are
> compatible with transmitting the mode C signal, hence no need for a
> separate designation. Without the altitude reporting, the controller
> cannot see any altitude information, and the controller must rely on the
> altitude as reported by the pilot.This has resulted in at least one
> accident. On **31 August* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_31>*,
> 1986, a Piper Archer with a pilot and two passengers had inadvertently
> penetrated the 6,000-foot floor of controlled airspace without a
> clearance and collided with **Aeromexico Flight 498*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromexico_Flight_498>*, a DC-9 with 58
> passengers and 6 crew at an altitude of 6,650 feet. The Archer had only
> mode A reporting capability and the controller assumed it was below the
> controlled airspace.*
>
>
> Ident
>
> *All mode A, C, and S transponders include an "ident" button, which
> activates a special "thirteenth" bit on the mode A reply known as Ident,
> short for Identify. When radar equipment receives the Ident bit, it
> results in the aircraft's blip "blossoming" on the radar scope. This is
> often used by the controller to locate the aircraft amongst others by
> requesting the ident function from the pilot (i.e. "Cessna 123AB, squawk
> 0363 and ident").*
> *Ident can also be used in case of a reported or suspected radio failure
> to determine if the failure is only one way and whether the pilot can
> still transmit /or/ receive but not both (i.e. "Cessna 123AB, if you can
> hear me, please ident").*
>
>
> Transponder codes
>
> *Transponder codes are four digit numbers transmitted by the transponder
> in an aircraft in response to a secondary surveillance radar
> interrogation signal to assist air traffic controllers in traffic
> separation. A discrete transponder code (often called a squawk code) is
> assigned by air traffic controllers to uniquely identify an aircraft.
> This allows easy identity of the aircraft on radar.*
> *Squawk codes are four-digit **octal*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal>* numbers; the dials on a
> transponder read from zero to seven inclusive. Thus the lowest possible
> squawk is 0000 and the highest is 7777. Because these squawks are
> sensitive, care must be taken not to squawk any emergency code during a
> code change. For example, when changing from 1200 to 6501 (an assigned
> ATC squawk), one might turn the second wheel to a 5 (thus /1500/), and
> then rotate the first wheel backwards in the sequence 1-0-7-6 to get to
> 6. This would momentarily have the transponder squawking a hijack code
> (/7500/), which might lead to more attention than one desires. Pilots
> are instructed not to place the transponder in "standby mode" while
> changing the codes as it causes the loss of target information on the
> ATC radar screen, but instead to carefully change codes to avoid
> inadvertently selecting an emergency code. Additionally, modern digital
> transponders are operated by buttons to avoid this problem.*
> *There are other codes known as 'conspicuity codes' which are not
> necessarily unique to a particular aircraft, but may have their own
> meaning and are used to convey information about the aircraft to **ATC*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control>*, possibly when the
> aircraft is not in radio contact.*
> *The use of the word "squawk" comes from the system's origin in*
>
>
> Routine codes
>
> *the **World War II* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II>*
> **Identification Friend or Foe*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_Friend_or_Foe>* system,
> which was code-named "Parrot".0000: military escort (in the US)^[ ; mode
> C or other SSR failure (in the UK). **0001: Military code for highspeed
> uncontrolled (non-**ATC*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control>* directed) flight
> (US) **0033: Parachute dropping in progress (UK) **1000: **Instrument
> Flight Rules* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_Flight_Rules>*
> (IFR) flight below 18,000' when no other code has been assigned
> (Canada)**1200: **Visual flight rules*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_flight_rules>* (VFR) flight, this
> is the standard squawk code used in North American airspace when no
> other has been assigned.**1400: VFR flight above 12,500' when no other
> code has been assigned (Canada) .**2000: The code to be squawked when
> entering a **secondary surveillance radar*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_surveillance_radar>* (SSR) area
> from a non-SSR area (used as Uncontrolled IFR flight squawk code in some
> European countries, and in Canada for uncontrolled IFR at or above
> 18,000') **4000: Aircraft on a VFR Military Training Route or requiring
> frequent or rapid changes in altitude (US) **7000: VFR standard squawk
> code for most European airspace when no other code has been assigned.
> (However, in at least the UK, this code does not imply VFR; 7000 is used
> as a general conspicuity squawk.) **7001: Sudden military climbout from
> low-level operations (UK) **7004: **Aerobatic*
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics>* and display code in some
> countries. **7777: military interception (US) /("Under no circumstances
> should a pilot of a civil aircraft operate the transponder on Code 7777.
> This code is reserved for military interceptor operations.")/ *
>
> *In Germany the following codes have been used:*
> **
> * 0021: VFR squawk code for German airspace (5000 feet and below) *
> * 0022: VFR squawk code for German airspace (above 5000 feet)*
> * *
> *As from 15 March 2007 these have been replaced by the international
> 7000 code for VFR traffic*.
>
>
> Emergency codes
>
> * 7700: General Emergency *
> * 7600: **Lost Communications* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORDO>* *
> * 7500: Unlawful Interference (Hijack) *
> **
>
>
> Codes assigned by ATC
>
> *Most codes above can be selected by aircraft if and when the situation
> requires or allows it, without permission from ATC. Other codes are
> generally assigned by ATC units. For IFR flights, the squawk code is
> typically assigned as part of the departure clearance and stays the same
> throughout the flight. VFR flights, when in uncontrolled airspace, will
> "squawk VFR" (1200 in the US, 7000 in Europe). Upon contact with an ATC
> unit, they will be told to squawk a certain unique code. When changing
> frequency, for instance because the VFR flight leaves controlled
> airspace or changes to another ATC unit, the VFR flight will be told to
> "squawk VFR" again.*
> *In order to avoid confusion over assigned squawk codes, ATC units will
> typically be allocated blocks of squawk codes, not overlapping with the
> blocks of nearby ATC units, to assign at their discretion.*
> *Not all ATC units will use radar to identify aircraft, but they assign
> squawk codes nevertheless. As an example, London Information - the
> Flight Information Service station that covers the lower half of the UK
> - does not have access to radar images, but does assign squawk code 0027
> to all aircraft that receive a FIS from them. This tells other, radar
> equipped ATC units that that specific aircraft is listening on the
> London Information radio frequency, in case they need to get hold of
> that aircraft. *
> ^
>
>
> */Cosmin Buhu <lists@byteworks.ro>/* wrote:
>
>
> Buna,
>
> Stie cineva care este stadiul implementarii la noi a regulamentelor
> referitoare la introducerea obligatorie a transponderelor mod S pe
> tot ce
> zboara? Prin alte parti se discuta aprins, se fac consultari de
> catre organele
> abilitate, oare noi vom fi loviti direct in primavara cu interdictia
> de a zbura
> daca nu avem transponder?
> Infrastructura nationala e pregatita pentru asa ceva?
>
> Multumesc de orice info,
> Cosmin
>
>
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Be a better friend, newshound, and know-it-all with Yahoo! Mobile. Try
> it now.
> >
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