Aviation-List Digest Archive

Sat 12/15/07


Total Messages Posted: 2



Today's Message Index:
----------------------
 
     1. 05:48 AM - [Aviatia.ro] Transpondere mod S (Cosmin Buhu)
     2. 07:24 PM - Re: [Aviatia.ro] Transpondere mod S (Cosmin Buhu)
 
 
 


Message 1


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    Time: 05:48:14 AM PST US
    From: Cosmin Buhu <lists@byteworks.ro>
    Subject: [Aviatia.ro] Transpondere mod S
    Buna, Stie cineva care este stadiul implementarii la noi a regulamentelor referitoare la introducerea obligatorie a transponderelor mod S pe tot ce zboara? Prin alte parti se discuta aprins, se fac consultari de catre organele abilitate, oare noi vom fi loviti direct in primavara cu interdictia de a zbura daca nu avem transponder? Infrastructura nationala e pregatita pentru asa ceva? Multumesc de orice info, Cosmin


    Message 2


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    Time: 07:24:22 PM PST US
    From: Cosmin Buhu <lists@byteworks.ro>
    Subject: Re: [Aviatia.ro] Transpondere mod S
    Domnule daca poti veni cu ceva la obiect te rog fa-o. De citit generalitati pe net poate lumea, nu e nevoie sa faci dumneata revista presei pe forum. Daca tot faci pe ziaristul poate faci o investigatie pe la autoritati si ne prezinti un articol propriu despre subiect, ar fi mult mai util. Numai bine, Cosmin mihai nazare wrote: > *Am gasit aceste informatii pe Net.Despre infrastructura,nu prea > cred eu ca este realizata,**deoarece costurile vor fi destul de mari si > deasemeni implicatiile si complicatiile nu vor fi chiar atat de simplu > de rezovat.* > * * > * Transponderele au pretul de pornire de la minimum 500 $* > ** > * Zan-dec. 2007.* > > > /*For more details on this topic,see **Transponder (aviation)* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_%28aviation%29>*.*/ > > *Another type of transponder occurs in **identification friend or foe* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe>* systems in > military aviation and in **air traffic control* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control>* **secondary > surveillance radar* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_surveillance_radar>* (beacon > radar) systems for **general aviation* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation>* and **commercial > aviation* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_aviation>*. **Primary > radar* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar>* works best with large > all-metal aircraft, but not so well on small, composite aircraft. Its > range is also limited by terrain and rain or snow and also detects > unwanted objects such as automobiles, hills and trees. Furthermore it > cannot estimate the altitude of an aircraft. **Secondary radar* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_radar>* overcomes these > limitations but it depends on a transponder in the aircraft to respond > to interrogations from the ground station to make the plane more visible.* > *Depending on the type of interrogation, the transponder sends back a > **transponder code* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_code>* (or > "squawk code") (Mode A) or altitude information (Mode C) to help air > traffic controllers to identify the aircraft and to maintain separation.* > > *Mode S* > ** > *Another mode called Mode S (Selective) is designed to help air traffic > control in busy areas and allow automatic collision avoidance. Mode S > transponders are compatible with Modes A & C.* > *Mode S is mandatory in controlled airspace in many countries. Some > countries require that all aircraft be equipped with Mode S, even in > uncontrolled airspace. However in the field of general aviation, there > have been objections to these moves, because of the cost, size, limited > benefit to the users in uncontrolled airspace, and, in the case of > balloons and gliders, the power requirements for these aircraft that do > not have electrical systems.* > *Mode S transponders can relay additional information, including the > permanent identity of the aircraft. Mode S TIS, or Traffic Information > Service, allows a radar installation to send information about nearby > traffic back to aircraft, which then displays it on the moving map. Mode > S TIS is only available when the aircraft is within radar range of a > radar installation that supports it. A Mode S TIS installation combines > a Mode S transponder that sends TIS data to a display device usually a > GPS device or Multi Function Display (MFD). Examples of such pairings > are a Garmin GTX330D transponder and a GNS530 GPS, and the **Garmin > G1000* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmin_G1000>* avionics suite.* > *Mode S capable transponders are also a building block for next > generation air traffic control systems, as they can be used to transmit > location information for **ADS-B* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADS-B>* > and potentially other air traffic control communications. Currently the > FAA is deactivating several Mode S TIS equipped stations.* > > > Operation > > *In flight a pilot is told to squawk a given code by air traffic control > over the radio, such as in the phrase "Cessna 123AB, squawk 0363". The > pilot inputs these digits and his blip on the radar becomes correctly > associated with his identity.* > *Because primary radar gives position information but lacks altitude > information, mode C and mode S transponders report altitude. Around busy > airspace there is often a regulatory requirement that all aircraft be > equipped with an altitude-reporting mode C or mode S transponder. In the > United States, this is known as a Mode C veil. Mode S transponders are > compatible with transmitting the mode C signal, hence no need for a > separate designation. Without the altitude reporting, the controller > cannot see any altitude information, and the controller must rely on the > altitude as reported by the pilot.This has resulted in at least one > accident. On **31 August* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_31>*, > 1986, a Piper Archer with a pilot and two passengers had inadvertently > penetrated the 6,000-foot floor of controlled airspace without a > clearance and collided with **Aeromexico Flight 498* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromexico_Flight_498>*, a DC-9 with 58 > passengers and 6 crew at an altitude of 6,650 feet. The Archer had only > mode A reporting capability and the controller assumed it was below the > controlled airspace.* > > > Ident > > *All mode A, C, and S transponders include an "ident" button, which > activates a special "thirteenth" bit on the mode A reply known as Ident, > short for Identify. When radar equipment receives the Ident bit, it > results in the aircraft's blip "blossoming" on the radar scope. This is > often used by the controller to locate the aircraft amongst others by > requesting the ident function from the pilot (i.e. "Cessna 123AB, squawk > 0363 and ident").* > *Ident can also be used in case of a reported or suspected radio failure > to determine if the failure is only one way and whether the pilot can > still transmit /or/ receive but not both (i.e. "Cessna 123AB, if you can > hear me, please ident").* > > > Transponder codes > > *Transponder codes are four digit numbers transmitted by the transponder > in an aircraft in response to a secondary surveillance radar > interrogation signal to assist air traffic controllers in traffic > separation. A discrete transponder code (often called a squawk code) is > assigned by air traffic controllers to uniquely identify an aircraft. > This allows easy identity of the aircraft on radar.* > *Squawk codes are four-digit **octal* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal>* numbers; the dials on a > transponder read from zero to seven inclusive. Thus the lowest possible > squawk is 0000 and the highest is 7777. Because these squawks are > sensitive, care must be taken not to squawk any emergency code during a > code change. For example, when changing from 1200 to 6501 (an assigned > ATC squawk), one might turn the second wheel to a 5 (thus /1500/), and > then rotate the first wheel backwards in the sequence 1-0-7-6 to get to > 6. This would momentarily have the transponder squawking a hijack code > (/7500/), which might lead to more attention than one desires. Pilots > are instructed not to place the transponder in "standby mode" while > changing the codes as it causes the loss of target information on the > ATC radar screen, but instead to carefully change codes to avoid > inadvertently selecting an emergency code. Additionally, modern digital > transponders are operated by buttons to avoid this problem.* > *There are other codes known as 'conspicuity codes' which are not > necessarily unique to a particular aircraft, but may have their own > meaning and are used to convey information about the aircraft to **ATC* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control>*, possibly when the > aircraft is not in radio contact.* > *The use of the word "squawk" comes from the system's origin in* > > > Routine codes > > *the **World War II* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II>* > **Identification Friend or Foe* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_Friend_or_Foe>* system, > which was code-named "Parrot".0000: military escort (in the US)^[ ; mode > C or other SSR failure (in the UK). **0001: Military code for highspeed > uncontrolled (non-**ATC* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control>* directed) flight > (US) **0033: Parachute dropping in progress (UK) **1000: **Instrument > Flight Rules* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_Flight_Rules>* > (IFR) flight below 18,000' when no other code has been assigned > (Canada)**1200: **Visual flight rules* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_flight_rules>* (VFR) flight, this > is the standard squawk code used in North American airspace when no > other has been assigned.**1400: VFR flight above 12,500' when no other > code has been assigned (Canada) .**2000: The code to be squawked when > entering a **secondary surveillance radar* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_surveillance_radar>* (SSR) area > from a non-SSR area (used as Uncontrolled IFR flight squawk code in some > European countries, and in Canada for uncontrolled IFR at or above > 18,000') **4000: Aircraft on a VFR Military Training Route or requiring > frequent or rapid changes in altitude (US) **7000: VFR standard squawk > code for most European airspace when no other code has been assigned. > (However, in at least the UK, this code does not imply VFR; 7000 is used > as a general conspicuity squawk.) **7001: Sudden military climbout from > low-level operations (UK) **7004: **Aerobatic* > <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatics>* and display code in some > countries. **7777: military interception (US) /("Under no circumstances > should a pilot of a civil aircraft operate the transponder on Code 7777. > This code is reserved for military interceptor operations.")/ * > > *In Germany the following codes have been used:* > ** > * 0021: VFR squawk code for German airspace (5000 feet and below) * > * 0022: VFR squawk code for German airspace (above 5000 feet)* > * * > *As from 15 March 2007 these have been replaced by the international > 7000 code for VFR traffic*. > > > Emergency codes > > * 7700: General Emergency * > * 7600: **Lost Communications* <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORDO>* * > * 7500: Unlawful Interference (Hijack) * > ** > > > Codes assigned by ATC > > *Most codes above can be selected by aircraft if and when the situation > requires or allows it, without permission from ATC. Other codes are > generally assigned by ATC units. For IFR flights, the squawk code is > typically assigned as part of the departure clearance and stays the same > throughout the flight. VFR flights, when in uncontrolled airspace, will > "squawk VFR" (1200 in the US, 7000 in Europe). Upon contact with an ATC > unit, they will be told to squawk a certain unique code. When changing > frequency, for instance because the VFR flight leaves controlled > airspace or changes to another ATC unit, the VFR flight will be told to > "squawk VFR" again.* > *In order to avoid confusion over assigned squawk codes, ATC units will > typically be allocated blocks of squawk codes, not overlapping with the > blocks of nearby ATC units, to assign at their discretion.* > *Not all ATC units will use radar to identify aircraft, but they assign > squawk codes nevertheless. As an example, London Information - the > Flight Information Service station that covers the lower half of the UK > - does not have access to radar images, but does assign squawk code 0027 > to all aircraft that receive a FIS from them. This tells other, radar > equipped ATC units that that specific aircraft is listening on the > London Information radio frequency, in case they need to get hold of > that aircraft. * > ^ > > > */Cosmin Buhu <lists@byteworks.ro>/* wrote: > > > Buna, > > Stie cineva care este stadiul implementarii la noi a regulamentelor > referitoare la introducerea obligatorie a transponderelor mod S pe > tot ce > zboara? Prin alte parti se discuta aprins, se fac consultari de > catre organele > abilitate, oare noi vom fi loviti direct in primavara cu interdictia > de a zbura > daca nu avem transponder? > Infrastructura nationala e pregatita pentru asa ceva? > > Multumesc de orice info, > Cosmin > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > Be a better friend, newshound, and know-it-all with Yahoo! Mobile. 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