Today's Message Index:
----------------------
 
     1. 10:02 AM - Aligning pants and fairings (Gary)
     2. 11:59 AM - slider canopy questions (steve dwyer)
     3. 12:22 PM - Re: slider canopy questions (Norman)
     4. 01:13 PM - Re: Drain Valves (Lonnie Woodman)
     5. 01:44 PM - Re: Drain Valves (Richard Tasker)
     6. 02:17 PM - Re: slider canopy questions (Larry PERRYMAN)
     7. 03:26 PM - Re: Drain Valves (Steve Sampson)
     8. 03:28 PM - Re: slider canopy questions (Stein Bruch)
     9. 04:17 PM - Re: Drain Valves (Dave Nicholson)
    10. 06:19 PM - Re: Drain Valves (Gene)
    11. 06:28 PM - Re: Drain Valves (Todd Houg)
    12. 08:55 PM - Accidental IFR!!!! (Stein Bruch)
    13. 09:23 PM - Re: Drain Valves (Richard E. Tasker)
 
 
 
Message 1
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  | 
      
      
| Subject:  | Aligning pants and fairings | 
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "Gary" <rv9er@3rivers.net>
      
      Yep, all done with that.  I used a cherry-picker type engine hoist to lift the
      plane.  I put straps around the spar connect bolts, lifted it till the wheels
      just barely touched the floor, and made sure it was level.
      
      Drop plumb bobs from the center belly-to-firewall rivet hole and the little hole
      for the purpose just ahead of the tail tiedown.  Snap a chalkline on the floor.
      Mark a centerline on the pants all the way around.  With a nice straight
      board, you can align the pants with the chalkline.
      
      Now, here is the trick:  when doing the gear fairings, clamp a straight board across
      the steps.  Draw a centerline on the belly.  Measure from the centerline
      to the front of the fairing, and the centerline to the board at the step.  Put
      a nail in the board at that point, and wrap a string around the fairing and
      to the nail.  When the trailing edge of the fairing is centered between the strings
      with no weight on the gear, you are there.  Using the steps instead of some
      exotic fixture at the tail is much easier, and I think still plenty accurate.
      
      Mark the gear leg and fairing well, so you don't lose your marks when you glass
      the stiffener on the leg.
      
      And DON'T  cut the slots for the hose clamps at the top of the fairing!   It is
      a crummy way to attach them.  The clamp sticks out, interferes with the brake
      fitting, and makes extra messy layup work.
      
      Instead, make a nice little wood block on each side of the stiffener at the top,
      which fits against the inside of the aft part of the fairing.  Then after it
      is glassed to the leg, put a machine screw through the whole works, and it will
      stay aligned and secure.
      
      Gary
      
      
        ----- Original Message -----
        From: Andy Karmy
        To: Gary
        Sent: Friday, December 27, 2002 8:52 AM
        Subject: Re: cowl slot
      
      
        Have you done your gear leg fairings or wheel pants yet? I am doing that now
      and it sure is confusing trying to get then pointing in the right direction based
      upon the plans description...
      
        - Andy
      
        ------>
      
      
        ---
        Version: 6.0.431 / Virus Database: 242 - Release Date: 12/21/02
      
      
      
      
      
      
Message 2
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  | 
      
      
| Subject:  | slider canopy questions | 
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "steve dwyer" <stdwyer@dreamscape.com>
      
      I'd like to add a small 1.5" long angle bracket running lengthwise at the outside
      aft end of the canopy frame bow. This is to assist in opening the canopy from
      the closed position, will this cause a turbulence error reading problem with
      the static port pickup located approximately 5' farther aft?
      
      I dont see a callout for any type of weather strip where the slider canopy bow
      meets the rollover bar at the windscreen. Isn't this a leak potential for rain
      while parked on the ground? I cannot find any reference to this possible problem
      in the instructions.
      
      Are we using the wood window casing strips as part of the gear leg fairings or
      not? My finish kit supplied the three fiberglass leg fairings and I overheard
      someone at sun n fun say that van no longer installs  the wood since it is  no
      longer necessary, comments anyone?
      
      Steve Dwyer  Chirstmas is over now back to work!!!
      
      
      
      
      
      
Message 3
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  | 
      
      
| Subject:  | Re: slider canopy questions | 
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "Norman" <nhunger@sprint.ca>
      
      > I'd like to add a small 1.5" long angle bracket running lengthwise at the
      outside aft end of the canopy frame bow.
      > This is to assist in opening the canopy from the closed position, will
      this cause a turbulence error reading problem with the static port pickup
      located approximately 5' farther aft?
      >
      
      I have seen many tip up canopies with exactly that on the left side rear
      lower corner for lifting the canopy open. I have installed one myself but
      not flying yet.
      
      Norman Hunger
      RV6A Delta BC
      
      
      
      
      
      
Message 4
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  | 
      
      
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: Lonnie Woodman <fxdlrider@yahoo.com>
      
      
      Take it for what it is worth, but this is copied and pasted from AC 43.13-1B Chapter
      8 Paragraph 38 f.  
      
      Do not use Teflon tape on any fuel lines to avoid getting the tape between the
      flare and fitting, which can cause fluid leaks.
      
      Lonnie Woodman A&P
       Ralph Cloud <ercouper@flash.net> wrote:--> RV9-List message posted by: "Ralph
      Cloud" 
      
      ...The "proper" (according to Parker) way to install pipe threads
      > is to use a little thread sealer (teflon tape or teflon pipe dope) being
      > careful not to allow any loose pieces to get inside the tank,...
      
      
      Be careful... I do not recommend using teflon tape in any fuel nor hydraulic
      (brakes) systems. It is amazing how that stuff can get into and plug
      orifices.
      
      Ralph
      Livermore - Wings OTW
      do not archive
      
      
      ---------------------------------
      
      
      
      
      
      
Message 5
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  | 
      
      
| Subject:  | Re: Drain Valves | 
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: Richard Tasker <retasker@optonline.net>
      
      You are absolutely correct about flare fittings.  There should NEVER be 
      any tape or pipe dope or anything else used with these fittings.  The 
      flare fitting seals by metal to metal contact between the two flared 
      pieces and the threads only serve to hold everything together.  Adding 
      any type of sealant just serves to degrade the seal - not help it!
      
      The original question was about the fuel drain valve which is not a 
      flare fitting but a NPT fitting.  These type of fittings DO need 
      something to seal the threads since the threaded area provides both the 
      mechanical holding power and the sealing area.  The consensus seems to 
      be to use pipe dope - teflon or other.  In fact, if done properly, 
      teflon tape will work fine in this type of application and will not get 
      into the fuel, etc.  However, I will concede to the majority since the 
      pipe dope is much more forgiving and cannot shed particles which teflon 
      tape can do if not installed properly.  Therefore, if you have to ask, 
      do not use teflon tape!
      
      Dick Tasker,  90573
      
      Lonnie Woodman wrote:
      
      >--> RV9-List message posted by: Lonnie Woodman <fxdlrider@yahoo.com>
      >
      >
      >Take it for what it is worth, but this is copied and pasted from AC 43.13-1B Chapter
      8 Paragraph 38 f.  
      >
      >Do not use Teflon tape on any fuel lines to avoid getting the tape between the
      flare and fitting, which can cause fluid leaks.
      >
      >Lonnie Woodman A&P
      > Ralph Cloud <ercouper@flash.net> wrote:--> RV9-List message posted by: "Ralph
      Cloud" 
      >
      >...The "proper" (according to Parker) way to install pipe threads
      >  
      >
      >>is to use a little thread sealer (teflon tape or teflon pipe dope) being
      >>careful not to allow any loose pieces to get inside the tank,...
      >>    
      >>
      >
      >
      >Be careful... I do not recommend using teflon tape in any fuel nor hydraulic
      >(brakes) systems. It is amazing how that stuff can get into and plug
      >orifices.
      >
      >Ralph
      >Livermore - Wings OTW
      >do not archive
      >
      >
      >---------------------------------
      >
      >
      >  
      >
      
      
      
      
      
      
Message 6
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  | 
      
      
| Subject:  | Re: slider canopy questions | 
       12/27/2002 11:16:36 PM,
              Serialize complete at 12/27/2002 11:16:36 PM
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "Larry PERRYMAN" <larry.perryman@atofina.com>
      
      Steve,
      
      There are many slider and tipup canopies with just such an angle. Don't 
      worry about it. 
      
      I put some weatherstrip material between my front bow and the canopy frame 
      for a seal. Works great  if you can find one that is small enough. I found 
      some that was already adhesive backed to it went on without a  problem.
      
      Wooden  shims on the gear leg - per Van's support - try taxi tests first. 
      If you do not have gear leg shimmy, then do not put them on. The vans 
      demonstrator planes do not have them. I put them on my plane before I got 
      the word and have not seen the problem. 
      
      Regards,
      Larry Perryman
      N194DL flying 26 hours now
      
      
      steve dwyer <stdwyer@dreamscape.com>
      12/27/2002 01:34 PM
      Please respond to rv9-list
      
      
              To:     rv9-list@matronics.com
              cc: 
              Subject:        RV9-List: slider canopy questions
      
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "steve dwyer" <stdwyer@dreamscape.com>
      
      I'd like to add a small 1.5" long angle bracket running lengthwise at the 
      outside aft end of the canopy frame bow. This is to assist in opening the 
      canopy from the closed position, will this cause a turbulence error 
      reading problem with the static port pickup located approximately 5' 
      farther aft?
      
      I dont see a callout for any type of weather strip where the slider canopy 
      bow meets the rollover bar at the windscreen. Isn't this a leak potential 
      for rain while parked on the ground? I cannot find any reference to this 
      possible problem in the instructions.
      
      Are we using the wood window casing strips as part of the gear leg 
      fairings or not? My finish kit supplied the three fiberglass leg fairings 
      and I overheard someone at sun n fun say that van no longer installs  the 
      wood since it is  no longer necessary, comments anyone?
      
      Steve Dwyer  Chirstmas is over now back to work!!!
      
      
      
      
      
      
Message 7
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  | 
      
      
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "Steve Sampson" <SSampson.SLN21@london.edu>
      
      Thanks all for the 'Drain Valve' responses. That helped my confidence. I
      have used Teflon paste not tape.
      
      Richard - I think the 'two turns' is in fact two flats ie 1/3 turn. Who is
      Parker?
      
      Best wishes for '03.
      Steve.
      
      DO NOT ARCHIVE
      
       -----Original Message-----
      From:         owner-rv9-list-server@matronics.com
      [mailto:owner-rv9-list-server@matronics.com]  On Behalf Of Richard E. Tasker
      Subject:        Re: RV9-List: Drain Valves
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "Richard E. Tasker" <retasker@optonline.net>
      
      They are 1/8 NPT - tapered pipe threads.  They do only screw in a few
      threads.  The "proper" (according to Parker) way to install pipe threads
      is to use a little thread sealer (teflon tape or teflon pipe dope) being
      careful not to allow any loose pieces to get inside the tank, screw the
      valve into the fitting by hand and then use a wrench to tighten it two
      more turns.
      
      Dick Tasker, 90573
      
      Steve Sampson wrote:
      
      >--> RV9-List message posted by: "Steve Sampson" <SSampson.SLN21@london.edu>
      >
      >Seasons greetings to you all!
      >
      >Do the drain valves screw home or are they designed so the threads lock up
      >so there is no leak. Mine only seem to screw in a short distance.
      >
      >Thanks, Steve.
      >#90360
      >
      >
      
      
      
      
      
      
Message 8
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  | 
      
      
| Subject:  | slider canopy questions | 
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "Stein Bruch" <stein@steinair.com>
      
      Hi Steve,
      
      I have those tabs on both sides of my canopy and am really glad I did.  My
      canopy ended up fitting very nicely, and I needed them to get the first 2
      inches open, after than the canopy slides open on it's own.
      
      Regarding weatherstripping, I put a small strip between the front bow and
      the windshield.  It's just the cheap adhesive backed stuff from Lowe's but
      it works great.  My rear skirts are tight enough that I didn't need any, and
      so were my side skirts.
      
      About leg stiffners, I don't have them and haven't yet found a need for
      them.  I say fly it first, and if needed install them later.  This seems to
      be very individualistic between planes.  I fly of a "unsmooth" grass strip,
      and haven't had shimmy problems there or on pavement.
      
      Hope this helps!
      Cheers,
      Stein Bruch, Minneapolis.
      RV6, Flying.  Just flew from MSP to MKE for lunch today. Did I mention these
      are awesome planes:)
      Just clicked 80 hrs!!
      
      -----Original Message-----
      From: owner-rv9-list-server@matronics.com
      [mailto:owner-rv9-list-server@matronics.com]On Behalf Of steve dwyer
      Subject: RV9-List: slider canopy questions
      
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "steve dwyer" <stdwyer@dreamscape.com>
      
      I'd like to add a small 1.5" long angle bracket running lengthwise at the
      outside aft end of the canopy frame bow. This is to assist in opening the
      canopy from the closed position, will this cause a turbulence error reading
      problem with the static port pickup located approximately 5' farther aft?
      
      I dont see a callout for any type of weather strip where the slider canopy
      bow meets the rollover bar at the windscreen. Isn't this a leak potential
      for rain while parked on the ground? I cannot find any reference to this
      possible problem in the instructions.
      
      Are we using the wood window casing strips as part of the gear leg fairings
      or not? My finish kit supplied the three fiberglass leg fairings and I
      overheard someone at sun n fun say that van no longer installs  the wood
      since it is  no longer necessary, comments anyone?
      
      Steve Dwyer  Chirstmas is over now back to work!!!
      
      
      
      
      
      
Message 9
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  | 
      
      
| Subject:  | Re: Drain Valves | 
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "Dave Nicholson" <dnick2@insightbb.com>
      
      Steve,
      
      The NPT threads should engage at least 2 turns, finger tight, before needing
      a wrench for tightening.  If you're only getting 1/3 Turn, something is
      wrong.
      
      NPT Threads are "tapered", unlike Metric Threads that are "straight".
      
      The theory is the taper "bottoms out" the threads of the fittings and there
      is less space for the sealant between the threads and hence less area for
      pressure to act on the sealant.  Metric Threads rely completely on the
      thread dope for the seal.
      
      Some Metric Pipe Fittings are even set up to use O-rings or gaskets rather
      than thread dope.
      
      You may have a defective taped hole, or perhaps a thread on the plug is
      dinged.
      
      When you're done, at least half of the male threaded section should be
      engaged with the female threaded section, and often even more.  If the
      fittings "bottom out" where there is no male threads showing, something is
      also wrong.
      
      Dave
      
      BTW, Parker is Parker Hannifin, a major manufacture of pipe fittings in the
      USA.
      
      
      ----- Original Message -----
      From: "Steve Sampson" <SSampson.SLN21@london.edu>
      Subject: RE: RV9-List: Drain Valves
      
      
      > --> RV9-List message posted by: "Steve Sampson"
      <SSampson.SLN21@london.edu>
      >
      > Thanks all for the 'Drain Valve' responses. That helped my confidence. I
      > have used Teflon paste not tape.
      >
      > Richard - I think the 'two turns' is in fact two flats ie 1/3 turn. Who is
      > Parker?
      >
      > Best wishes for '03.
      > Steve.
      >
      
      
      
      
      
      
Message 10
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  | 
      
      
| Subject:  | Re: Drain Valves | 
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "Gene" <gene@nvaircraft.com>
      
      Steve,
          I had to run a tap in all of the VA-112 drain flanges so far. I used
      about two turns and that made the Q/D fitting lack about 3/32" of bottoming
      out on the flange. If the tap was not used then the quick drain stuck out
      about 3/16" + unnecessary and sticking out in the wind. I also used teflon
      paste.
      
      Gene N557RV (res.) waiting on fuse.
      
      
      
      
      
      
Message 11
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  | 
      
      
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: Todd Houg <thoug@attglobal.net>
      
      When I first installed the drain valves in the machined aluminum I wasn't pleased
      with how far they extended. They had two or three threads fully engaged, but
      there was a lot of thread showing yet. I used a standard 1/8" NPT tap and tapped
      out the aluminum to gain some additionaly thread depth. I was careful not
      to go to deep since I didn't want to bottom the threads out. I frequently checked
      the depth during tapping until I had just a couple of threads exposed.
      
      I'm sure I'll gain at least .0001 Knots by having less drag from the exposed fittings!
      ;)
      
              Todd Houg
      =09
      
      -----Original Message-----
      From:        Dave Nicholson
      Subject:        Re: RV9-List: Drain Valves
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "Dave Nicholson" <dnick2@insightbb.com>
      
      Steve,
      
      The NPT threads should engage at least 2 turns, finger tight, before needing
      a wrench for tightening.  If you're only getting 1/3 Turn, something is
      wrong.
      
      NPT Threads are "tapered", unlike Metric Threads that are "straight".
      
      The theory is the taper "bottoms out" the threads of the fittings and there
      is less space for the sealant between the threads and hence less area for
      pressure to act on the sealant.  Metric Threads rely completely on the
      thread dope for the seal.
      
      Some Metric Pipe Fittings are even set up to use O-rings or gaskets rather
      than thread dope.
      
      You may have a defective taped hole, or perhaps a thread on the plug is
      dinged.
      
      When you're done, at least half of the male threaded section should be
      engaged with the female threaded section, and often even more.  If the
      fittings "bottom out" where there is no male threads showing, something is
      also wrong.
      
      Dave
      
      BTW, Parker is Parker Hannifin, a major manufacture of pipe fittings in the
      USA.
      
      
      ----- Original Message -----
      From: "Steve Sampson" <SSampson.SLN21@london.edu>
      Subject: RE: RV9-List: Drain Valves
      
      
      > --> RV9-List message posted by: "Steve Sampson"
      <SSampson.SLN21@london.edu>
      >
      > Thanks all for the 'Drain Valve' responses. That helped my confidence. I
      > have used Teflon paste not tape.
      >
      > Richard - I think the 'two turns' is in fact two flats ie 1/3 turn. Who is
      > Parker?
      >
      > Best wishes for '03.
      > Steve.
      >
      
      
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Message 12
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  | 
      
      
         "Rv6-List" <rv6-list@matronics.com>, "Rv7-List" <rv7-list@matronics.com>
| Subject:  | Accidental IFR!!!! | 
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "Stein Bruch" <stein@steinair.com>
      
      Hi All,
      
      Slightly off-topic, but VERY pertinent none the less.
      
      Today a friend and I had the day off so we decided to fly from Minneapolis
      to Milwaukee to see some old buds at the Citabria factory.  Weather online
      looked good...checked METARS,TAFS,RADAR,SATELLITE, etc..  Forecast was
      great...so....
      
      We took off around 10:00 am for an expected 1.5 hour flight to Milwaukee.
      Great flight, 205mph over the ground and arrived at the Citabria factory's
      airport ahead of schedule to some hefty crosswinds, but nothing else.
      Stayed there until about 2:00pm then went outside to head home.  Here starts
      my flight from hell.
      
      There was an overcast layer about 3500', but clear below and the forecasts
      looked OK, so off we went for MSP.  Winds had picked up to 18G22 directly
      across the runway, but not a huge deal since the wind at home was only
      8-12KT.  Flew for about .5 hour and started running into some haze and the
      clouds were getting lower.  We pressed on, but had decided to turn back if
      it didn't get better.  Well, it didn't and about 5 minutes later the clouds
      dropped all the way to the ground and into a wall of
      fog/haze/clouds/overcast we went:(  Made an immediate 180 to go back, but
      the weather suddenly had dropped all over the place. SOLID IFR/IMC and 0/0
      visibility!  Heading back didn't help.  Called flight watch and found out
      the layer was only about 2000' thick and VFR on top.  Since these planes
      just love to climb, we immediately went up above.  Beautiful sun over the
      clouds and away towards Minneapolis we go!  Fly back to the flight plan that
      was plugged into my SkyforceIIIc and proceeded to fly towards home when
      about 5 minutes later the GPS lost all satellite signals and I got a "no fix
      possible" warning.  GREAT, no ground to look at and no GPS.  We were
      originally just going to follow the good old Mississippi river home, but no
      good above a solid cloud deck.
      
      All this while flying against a 35Kt Cross/Headwind that made flying
      straight & level miserable, terribly bumpy (+4/-2G), and overall NO FUN.
      
      I had to revert to flying with the VOR---GOD I'm glad I put that thing in my
      panel!  Pulled out the sectional, found some VOR's and got back on track
      towards home.  Called flight watch and found out the clouds were breaking
      near Minneapolis so everything was pretty smooth from there.  About 20 miles
      south of MSP the clouds broke and we arrived safely, albeit a bit tired,
      stressed, and somewhat rattled.
      
      Anyway, my whole point is that I've become some dependent on my GPS and it's
      flight plans that I've rarely had occasion to use my charts and VOR.  Just
      thought I'd pass on a reminder to everyone that it definately pays to keep a
      sectional handy.  Additionally, if you have a VOR, it pays to keep at least
      somewhat current!  Oh, one last thing...flying IFR/IMC "accidently" is NO
      FUN and definately NOT SAFE when you're not prepared.
      
      Well, happy flying and CLEAR SKIES!
      
      Cheers,
      Stein Bruch
      RV6, Minneapolis
      
      Do Not Archive.
      
      P.S. I looked at the weather when I got home, and it looked much better than
      it actually was.  Lesson Learned.
      
      
      
      
      
      
Message 13
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  | 
      
      
| Subject:  | Re: Drain Valves | 
      
      --> RV9-List message posted by: "Richard E. Tasker" <retasker@optonline.net>
      
      No, the two turns is two turns after finger tight (unless you have 
      really strong fingers :-)  ).  Two flats is more like what a flare 
      fitting is turned after finger tight - actually this is normally 
      approximately 1.5 flats for proper sealing.
      
      As Dave correctly stated, Parker is Parker Hannifin.
      
      My company manufactures pressure sensors and we deal with almost two 
      dozen different thread types.  The NPT are very common in the US, 
      although the SAE type which seal with an o-ring are a close second. 
       There are also the flare fittings used primarily in aerospace 
      applications which have the same thread size as the SAE fittings but 
      seal with an o-ring.
      
      There are basically three types of fittings (with lots of variations and 
      sizes):
      
      1. Tapered (NPT) - 2-2.5 turns after finger tight and some type of 
      thread sealant is necessary.  There is a subclass of these that are call 
      "dryseal" threads which are precision machined and do not use thread 
      sealant but you will probably never see any of these.
      2. AN (and similar) fittings - approximately 1.5 flats after finger 
      tight and DO NOT use any type of sealant - they seal on the metal faces 
      of the tapers.
      3. SAE and metric (straight thread with o-ring) - just past finger tight 
      (not even one flat) and NO thread sealant - the o-ring provides the seal.
      
      Dick Tasker,  90573.
      
      Steve Sampson wrote:
      
      >--> RV9-List message posted by: "Steve Sampson" <SSampson.SLN21@london.edu>
      >
      >Thanks all for the 'Drain Valve' responses. That helped my confidence. I
      >have used Teflon paste not tape.
      >
      >Richard - I think the 'two turns' is in fact two flats ie 1/3 turn. Who is
      >Parker?
      >
      >Best wishes for '03.
      >Steve.
      >
      >DO NOT ARCHIVE
      >
      > -----Original Message-----
      >From:         owner-rv9-list-server@matronics.com
      >[mailto:owner-rv9-list-server@matronics.com]  On Behalf Of Richard E. Tasker
      >Sent:        27 December 2002 01:09
      >To:        rv9-list@matronics.com
      >Subject:        Re: RV9-List: Drain Valves
      >
      >--> RV9-List message posted by: "Richard E. Tasker" <retasker@optonline.net>
      >
      >They are 1/8 NPT - tapered pipe threads.  They do only screw in a few
      >threads.  The "proper" (according to Parker) way to install pipe threads
      >is to use a little thread sealer (teflon tape or teflon pipe dope) being
      >careful not to allow any loose pieces to get inside the tank, screw the
      >valve into the fitting by hand and then use a wrench to tighten it two
      >more turns.
      >
      >Dick Tasker, 90573
      >
      >Steve Sampson wrote:
      >
      >  
      >
      >>--> RV9-List message posted by: "Steve Sampson" <SSampson.SLN21@london.edu>
      >>
      >>Seasons greetings to you all!
      >>
      >>Do the drain valves screw home or are they designed so the threads lock up
      >>so there is no leak. Mine only seem to screw in a short distance.
      >>
      >>Thanks, Steve.
      >>#90360
      >>
      >>
      >>    
      >>
      >
      >
      >  
      >
      
      
      
      
      
      
 
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