Zenith601-List Digest Archive

Fri 02/06/09


Total Messages Posted: 20



Today's Message Index:
----------------------
 
     1. 03:49 AM - elevator pitch stability (chris Sinfield)
     2. 03:50 AM - Re: RADIUS PLATES & RADIUS BLOCKS for Grove U/C (David Downey)
     3. 04:02 AM - Re: elevator pitch stability (Paul Mulwitz)
     4. 04:09 AM - Re: elevator pitch stability (chris Sinfield)
     5. 04:18 AM - Re: Re: elevator pitch stability (Paul Mulwitz)
     6. 04:41 AM - Re: RADIUS PLATES & RADIUS BLOCKS for Grove U/C (annken100)
     7. 06:33 AM - Re: elevator pitch stability (David Downey)
     8. 06:34 AM - Re: Re: elevator pitch stability (Terry Turnquist)
     9. 06:43 AM - Re: elevator pitch stability (Gig Giacona)
    10. 07:11 AM - Re: Re: elevator pitch stability (Afterfxllc@aol.com)
    11. 07:24 AM - Re: Re: elevator pitch stability (Paul Mulwitz)
    12. 07:49 AM - Re: elevator pitch stability (annken100)
    13. 10:41 AM - Re: New style wingtip on 601XL (PatrickW)
    14. 11:29 AM - Re: Re: elevator pitch stability. (Gary Gower)
    15. 11:56 AM - Re: Re: New style wingtip on 601XL (Afterfxllc@aol.com)
    16. 12:05 PM - Re: Re: elevator pitch stability. (Bryan Martin)
    17. 12:15 PM - Re: elevator pitch stability (Gig Giacona)
    18. 07:02 PM - Re: New style wingtip on 601XL (skyridersbn)
    19. 07:02 PM - Control Stick Torque Tube Bushing? (PatrickW)
    20. 10:03 PM - Re: Control Stick Torque Tube Bushing? (Peter Johnson)
 
 
 


Message 1


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 03:49:25 AM PST US
    Subject: elevator pitch stability
    From: "chris Sinfield" <chris_sinfield@yahoo.com.au>
    Hi Has anyone asked Zentih or Chris H why the XL was designed to be so sensitive to pitch? everyone that starts flying always remarks on how sensitive it is in pitch and I would like to give them the designers answer, not what I think he designed it for.. If you glance into his Design articles he does mention large pitch changes in STOL aircraft are required but in the XL?? Just interested in the answer as to why, as when I fly it I move very little in pitch after my arm is locked in place, I just feel it and the pitch changes. Chris Zodiac XL jab3300 Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=228826#228826


    Message 2


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 03:50:08 AM PST US
    From: David Downey <planecrazydld@yahoo.com>
    Subject: Re: RADIUS PLATES & RADIUS BLOCKS for Grove U/C
    highly advised. find a means to locate the gear centered and keep it center ed on the fuse. David L. Downey Harleysville-(SE) PA, USA --- On Fri, 2/6/09, Thruster87 <alania@optusnet.com.au> wrote: From: Thruster87 <alania@optusnet.com.au> Subject: Zenith601-List: RADIUS PLATES & RADIUS BLOCKS for Grove U/C RADIUS PLATES & RADIUS BLOCKS for Grove U/C any comments!!!! Cheers T87 Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=228812#228812 Attachments: http://forums.matronics.com//files/grove_321.bmp le, List Admin. =0A=0A=0A


    Message 3


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 04:02:02 AM PST US
    From: Paul Mulwitz <psm@att.net>
    Subject: Re: elevator pitch stability
    Hi Chris, I think CH has commented several times that one of his design goals was to have excellent control authority at slow speed. Perhaps this translates to being very sensitive at high speed for the pitch. In my short demo ride in the XL I felt the ailerons were also very effective at slow speed but stiff at normal speeds. So, I suppose you should ignore my whole comment regarding pitch. Best regards, Paul Getting close do not archive At 03:48 AM 2/6/2009, you wrote: >Has anyone asked Zentih or Chris H why the XL was designed to be so >sensitive to pitch?


    Message 4


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 04:09:29 AM PST US
    Subject: Re: elevator pitch stability
    From: "chris Sinfield" <chris_sinfield@yahoo.com.au>
    thanks I think. Hey today it was 41 deg C here in Sydney and on Sunday they say its going to be 44 Deg C.. Do not archive.. Chris. Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=228831#228831


    Message 5


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 04:18:01 AM PST US
    From: Paul Mulwitz <psm@att.net>
    Subject: Re: elevator pitch stability
    Its 41 degrees here too. Unfortunately, here it is 41 degrees Fahrenheit rather than Celsius. Paul do not archive At 04:09 AM 2/6/2009, you wrote: >thanks I think. >Hey today it was 41 deg C here in Sydney and on Sunday they say its >going to be 44 Deg C.. >Do not archive.. >Chris


    Message 6


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 04:41:44 AM PST US
    Subject: Re: RADIUS PLATES & RADIUS BLOCKS for Grove U/C
    From: "annken100" <annken100@aol.com>
    Radius plates are a good idea because they help alleviate the twisting of the bottom fuselage longerons. You can call Zenair in Canada and order the set that is used on the AMD 601 with grove gear. Ken Pavlou -------- 601 XL / Corvair Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=228835#228835


    Message 7


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 06:33:31 AM PST US
    From: David Downey <planecrazydld@yahoo.com>
    Subject: Re: elevator pitch stability
    to beat a dead horse again -and again, and again, and again - that is a ver y strong reason to consider tabs on both elevators and make them anti-servo tabs... David L. Downey Harleysville-(SE) PA, USA --- On Fri, 2/6/09, Paul Mulwitz <psm@att.net> wrote: From: Paul Mulwitz <psm@att.net> Subject: Re: Zenith601-List: elevator pitch stability Hi Chris, I think CH has commented several times that one of his design goals was to have excellent control authority at slow speed. Perhaps this translates to bein g very sensitive at high speed for the pitch. In my short demo ride in the XL I felt the ailerons were also very effectiv e at slow speed but stiff at normal speeds. So, I suppose you should ignore my whole comment regarding pitch. Best regards, Paul Getting close do not archive At 03:48 AM 2/6/2009, you wrote: > Has anyone asked Zentih or Chris H why the XL was designed to be so sensitive to pitch? =0A=0A=0A


    Message 8


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 06:34:03 AM PST US
    From: Terry Turnquist <ter_turn@yahoo.com>
    Subject: Re: elevator pitch stability
    Hi Chris, do you actually fly when it's over 40 degrees? How do you stand it under that canopy? do not archive --- On Fri, 2/6/09, chris Sinfield <chris_sinfield@yahoo.com.au> wrote: From: chris Sinfield <chris_sinfield@yahoo.com.au> Subject: Zenith601-List: Re: elevator pitch stability <chris_sinfield@yahoo.com.au> thanks I think. Hey today it was 41 deg C here in Sydney and on Sunday they say its going to be 44 Deg C.. Do not archive.. Chris. Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=228831#228831


    Message 9


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 06:43:29 AM PST US
    Subject: Re: elevator pitch stability
    From: "Gig Giacona" <wrgiacona@gmail.com>
    Just because the 601XL isn't quite a STOL as it brothers with STOL in their name are doesn't mean it isn't designed for VERY slow flight and short landings and take-offs. I've flown STOL equipped Cessnas that take about as much room to land as a 601XL with the flaps fully deployed. Also you must remember that the 601 was designed with that middle stick and from the one time I flew in a center stick version I remember feeling like I didn't have as much room to move the stick fore and aft as I did right and left. -------- W.R. &quot;Gig&quot; Giacona 601XL Under Construction See my progress at www.peoamerica.net/N601WR Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=228851#228851


    Message 10


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 07:11:17 AM PST US
    From: Afterfxllc@aol.com
    Subject: Re: elevator pitch stability
    I have been toying with the idea of placing the Y stick elevator cables closer together on the stick and seeing what that does as far as sensitivity and elevator travel. Since we have limited the forward stick down elevator travel I would think it would require more input of the stick to get the same response and that would be a good thing. After all it just requires drilling 2 holes in the stick for the clevises and could be changed back easily. Jeff **************Great Deals on Dell Laptops. Starting at $499. net/clk;211531132;33070124;e)


    Message 11


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 07:24:00 AM PST US
    From: Paul Mulwitz <psm@att.net>
    Subject: Re: elevator pitch stability
    Hi Jeff, If you move the elevator cables closer together on the stick, I think that would increase the leverage advantage you have and reduce the force required to get a given movement on the elevator. It would increase the movement distance needed on the stick for the same elevator movement. If it is your goal to increase the elevator stick forces you might think about moving the cables further apart on the stick. However, since I am not a mechanical or aeronautical engineer I have no idea what "Unintended consequences" that sort of change might make. I think you are facing a problem with no solution. You probably need to redesign the whole airplane to get the control feel you seek. Paul XL getting close do not archive At 07:10 AM 2/6/2009, you wrote: >I have been toying with the idea of placing the Y stick elevator >cables closer together on the stick and seeing what that does as far >as sensitivity and elevator travel. Since we have limited the >forward stick down elevator travel I would think it would require >more input of the stick to get the same response and that would be a >good thing. After all it just requires drilling 2 holes in the stick >for the clevises and could be changed back easily. > >Jeff


    Message 12


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 07:49:41 AM PST US
    Subject: Re: elevator pitch stability
    From: "annken100" <annken100@aol.com>
    In one of Chris Heintz's letters, he mentions that the elevator purposely has a lot of authority for "great low-speed controllability, excellent ground-handling in windy conditions, and superior elevator authority in case of incorrect weight & balance conditions." The letter is here: http://www.zenithair.com/zodiac/xl/data/ch-letter-601xl-3-25-2008.pdf Ken Pavlou -------- 601 XL / Corvair Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=228866#228866


    Message 13


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 10:41:15 AM PST US
    Subject: Re: New style wingtip on 601XL
    From: "PatrickW" <pwhoyt@yahoo.com>
    Afterfxllc(at)aol.com wrote: > the NEW BRS bracket didn't fit had to modify it. How so, with the new BRS bracket not fitting...? Was that the front bracket (that doubles as an engine mount attach point) or a rear bracket (which wasn't included in my kit but I'm fabricating myself)? Thanks - Pat -------- Patrick 601XL/Corvair N63PZ (reserved) Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=228915#228915


    Message 14


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 11:29:43 AM PST US
    From: Gary Gower <ggower_99@yahoo.com>
    Subject: Re: elevator pitch stability.
    All airplanes need to get used to their particular controls...-- Just p ractice a little, is part of the learning process. - Some can remember when power steering was first installed in cars,- Most people thought that the low efort required to turn the steering wheel could - make people over steer and send them out of the road at highway speeds, - so they asked for normal steering in their new cars for years...- Now almost all cars are power steering and automatic transmission - Saludos Gary Gower I rather park in a tight space with power steering...- :-) Do not archive --- On Fri, 2/6/09, annken100 <annken100@aol.com> wrote: From: annken100 <annken100@aol.com> Subject: Zenith601-List: Re: elevator pitch stability <annken100@aol.com> In one of Chris Heintz's letters, he mentions that the elevator purposely has a lot of authority for "great low-speed controllability, excellent ground-handling in windy conditions, and superior elevator authority in cas e of incorrect weight & balance conditions." The letter is here: http://www.zenithair.com/zodiac/xl/data/ch-letter-601xl-3-25-2008.pdf Ken Pavlou -------- 601 XL / Corvair Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=228866#228866 =0A=0A=0A


    Message 15


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 11:56:07 AM PST US
    From: Afterfxllc@aol.com
    Subject: Re: New style wingtip on 601XL
    Pat It was the front bracket. I had to cut the front of it and make it like the older brackets. Zenith had bent it at the wrong angle and it when mounted it stuck out on the sides of the longerons. The part of it that was bent wrong was where it bolted to the firewall. I had to cut that part out to allow it to pivot closer to the firewall thus bringing it even with the longerons. Jeff **************Great Deals on Dell Laptops. Starting at $499. net/clk;211531132;33070124;e)


    Message 16


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 12:05:08 PM PST US
    From: Bryan Martin <bryanmmartin@comcast.net>
    Subject: Re: elevator pitch stability.
    It's not the amount of effort that causes a problem in most cases, it's the amount of control travel. In a car, as long as the steering wheel has to be moved the same amount to get the same deflection of the front tires, there is no problem controlling the car. If you only had to move the wheel half as far for the same deflection, that would cause problems. As it is, nearly all cars are designed with about the same amount of steering wheel travel. That makes it fairly easy to switch from one car to another without a problem. That's a good thing, since it seems that a lot of drivers can just barely walk and chew gum at the same time. There was a big problem with the early F-16 falcons. The airplane has a fly-by-wire control system and, in the first few planes, the control stick did not move at all, it just sensed the force applied to it to determine how much control deflection to apply. Since the pilots had no motion feedback from the stick they found it very difficult to control the airplane. The stick was changed to one that could move a small amount against spring tension. This gave the pilots enough motion and force feedback to eliminate the problem. On Feb 6, 2009, at 2:28 PM, Gary Gower wrote: > All airplanes need to get used to their particular controls... > Just practice a little, is part of the learning process. > > Some can remember when power steering was first installed in cars, > Most people thought that the low efort required to turn the steering > wheel could make people over steer and send them out of the road at > highway speeds, so they asked for normal steering in their new cars > for years... Now almost all cars are power steering and automatic > transmission > > -- Bryan Martin N61BM, CH 601 XL, RAM Subaru, Stratus redrive. do not archive.


    Message 17


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 12:15:27 PM PST US
    Subject: Re: elevator pitch stability
    From: "Gig Giacona" <wrgiacona@gmail.com>
    annken100 wrote: > In one of Chris Heintz's letters, he mentions that the elevator purposely has a lot of authority for "great low-speed controllability, excellent ground-handling in windy conditions, and superior elevator authority in case of incorrect weight & balance conditions." > > The letter is here: http://www.zenithair.com/zodiac/xl/data/ch-letter-601xl-3-25-2008.pdf > > > Ken Pavlou Which is a great thing to have when that small yet heavy item that you strapped down at the front of the luggage area when the fuel tanks are full comes loose and slides 2 1/2 feet back to the rear of the luggage area when they are almost empty. -------- W.R. &quot;Gig&quot; Giacona 601XL Under Construction See my progress at www.peoamerica.net/N601WR Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=228940#228940


    Message 18


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 07:02:26 PM PST US
    Subject: Re: New style wingtip on 601XL
    From: "skyridersbn" <skyridersbn@yahoo.com>
    Jim, I finished installing the new style wing tips a couple of months ago. At that time, I don't think there was any print or write ups on it. I also talked to Caleb about the installation. One thing I knew for a fact was, fiberglass doesn't usually hold it's molded shape unless it is thick and/or strongly reinforced. Of course, these wing tips are not thick by any stretch of the imagination and mine didn't hold their original shape either. If you have trouble with the parts not lining up or a flat edge not being so flat, use a heat gun on it as I did. Stay back from the part and heat it up slowly. Gently over pull it to where you want it to be then hold it there. Be sure to use a shop towel because its going to be hot. Don't overstress it, otherwise it WILL crack!! When it cools, it should shrink back some and will be hopefully exactly where you need it to be. One other thing I did was, I cut an "L" angle and reinforced the wingtip inside the wing. I "sandwiched" the bottom of the wingtip between the bottom skin and the "L" angle (on top). It worked like a charm - I got a nice, straight edge. My EAA Advisor/DAR suggested I also chalk around the entire wingtip. I bought a tube of Dupont 7500 chalk at my local auto paint store. It's water soluble and can be cleaned off with soap and water. It can be painted. Hope this helps you out. -------- Larry Hursh (N650LM Reserved) CH650 (Converted from CH601XL) Starting fuselage will be Corvair Powered Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=229013#229013 Attachments: http://forums.matronics.com//files/80_959.jpg


    Message 19


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 07:02:29 PM PST US
    Subject: Control Stick Torque Tube Bushing?
    From: "PatrickW" <pwhoyt@yahoo.com>
    Drawing 6-B-17 dated 08/05 shows a 1/4"OD x .028 bushing that goes through the Torque Tube. This bushing is shown welded into the Torque Tube. My factory built Torque Tube does not contain this welded-in bushing. Anybody else have the same thing...? Is this welded bushing still present in the newest drawings, or is it no longer needed...? Thanks, - Pat -------- Patrick 601XL/Corvair N63PZ (reserved) Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=229014#229014


    Message 20


  • INDEX
  • Back to Main INDEX
  • PREVIOUS
  • Skip to PREVIOUS Message
  • NEXT
  • Skip to NEXT Message
  • LIST
  • Reply to LIST Regarding this Message
  • SENDER
  • Reply to SENDER Regarding this Message
    Time: 10:03:16 PM PST US
    From: "Peter Johnson" <vk3eka@bigpond.net.au>
    Subject: Control Stick Torque Tube Bushing?
    Patrick, My bushing was not welded in but came separately with all the other parts. I push fitted mine and left it un-welded. Cheers Peter Wonthaggi Australia http://zodiac.cpc-world.com -----Original Message----- From: owner-zenith601-list-server@matronics.com [mailto:owner-zenith601-list-server@matronics.com] On Behalf Of PatrickW Sent: Saturday, February 07, 2009 2:02 PM Subject: Zenith601-List: Control Stick Torque Tube Bushing? Drawing 6-B-17 dated 08/05 shows a 1/4"OD x .028 bushing that goes through the Torque Tube. This bushing is shown welded into the Torque Tube. My factory built Torque Tube does not contain this welded-in bushing. Anybody else have the same thing...? Is this welded bushing still present in the newest drawings, or is it no longer needed...? Thanks, - Pat -------- Patrick 601XL/Corvair N63PZ (reserved) Read this topic online here: http://forums.matronics.com/viewtopic.php?p=229014#229014




    Other Matronics Email List Services

  • Post A New Message
  •   zenith601-list@matronics.com
  • UN/SUBSCRIBE
  •   http://www.matronics.com/subscription
  • List FAQ
  •   http://www.matronics.com/FAQ/Zenith601-List.htm
  • Web Forum Interface To Lists
  •   http://forums.matronics.com
  • Matronics List Wiki
  •   http://wiki.matronics.com
  • 7-Day List Browse
  •   http://www.matronics.com/browse/zenith601-list
  • Browse Zenith601-List Digests
  •   http://www.matronics.com/digest/zenith601-list
  • Browse Other Lists
  •   http://www.matronics.com/browse
  • Live Online Chat!
  •   http://www.matronics.com/chat
  • Archive Downloading
  •   http://www.matronics.com/archives
  • Photo Share
  •   http://www.matronics.com/photoshare
  • Other Email Lists
  •   http://www.matronics.com/emaillists
  • Contributions
  •   http://www.matronics.com/contribution

    These Email List Services are sponsored solely by Matronics and through the generous Contributions of its members.

    -- Please support this service by making your Contribution today! --